A Human Is A Complex Organism

Human beings are complex and special organisms as there is a complex organisation of cells in the human body. The organisation in the human body is summarised as follows: Cells—> Tissues—> Organs—> Systems—> Organism.The same type of cells which carry out a specific function are organised into a tissue. For example, a group of nerve cells form a nerve tissue. They are organised to work together to perform specific functions as the result of cells in the human body do not work individually.An organ is a group of tissue that cooperates to carry out a specific life process. For examples, epithelial tissues form blood vessels. Several organs are organised into a system.Each system consist of several organs which are organised to carry out life processes such as respiration, reproduction and digestion.Various systems in the human body are well organised to carry out all the life processes efficiently. They are able to function because the cellular components wo rk together to ensure the survival of human beings.The human brain is well developed to integrate information's and store them as memory. This allows human beings to have the ability to talk, think rationally, create new things, learn from experience and use languages. The ability to do all these makes us really special compared to other organism.Water is driven into the tanks to raise density and allow the submarine to sink and it also pumped out to reduce density and hence allow the submarine to float. The tanks can be filled with water and air, which allows the submarine to sink or rise in the water. When a submarine is floating, its ballast tanks are filled with air, which makes it less dense than the sea water it displaces hence allowing it to float. Submarines sink when water is let into the ballast tank. This is because the submarine's density becomes greater than that of the surrounding water, resulting in negative buoyancy and causing it to sink.

Marketing plan for McBride

McBride is a financial service provider that will handle mortgage application processes for its clients. Its target market are mortgage applicants from a five-state area including Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Its short-term objectives are to break even within the first six months of operations and to become profitable within the first year. It has an available online interface upon launching which will allow clients to place orders, submit necessary documents, and make payments over the internet. The overall marketing strategy is to use the most appropriate media given strict financial constraints to gain maximum exposure for McBride to potential clients.Target Market AnalysisPrimarily, there are several groups identified as potential customers in the market where the product will be made available. These groups include professionals and retirees purchasing either a primary or secondary residence, and families and/or individuals purchasing recreational pro perties. The SIVA can be used to create a criteria of what types of marketing vehicles should be used for this McBride’s target market (Guiltinan, 1996). In any of the groups mentioned above, what stands out as a common characteristic is clients’ the lack of available time to go through the mortgage application process on their own.Many clients are also confused with the many procedures that they have to go through and so would rather opt not to be troubled by such procedures and just pay someone else to do it for them. This underscores the most outstanding expectation that clients will be looking for in the service: convenience. Therefore, the marketing strategy must directly and strongly convey that this expectation will be met and exceeded. Next, the habits of potential clients when it comes to collecting information should be considered. The potential clients for the service are diverse and they can be found everywhere from major city areas, to more remote places o f work such as universities, factories, and farms.Conventional mass media such as television, radio, and newspapers have the ability to cover such vast areas. Although diverse, one common denominator of a big chunk of the target market is that they are professionals, and many such individuals travel a lot from state to state on business matters. Hence, places such as airports, convention centers, and other areas where there is a sizeable level of commerce are good venues to launch focused ad campaigns. Lastly, clients who are seriously considering taking up a mortgage would usually canvass through local realtors for available property.This makes such realtors exceptionally important contacts to make linkages with. In making decisions as to what marketing strategies to use, what must factor in are the financial requirements of the company as well as the expected spending power of potential clients. An inference that can be drawn from the potential market is that they would not be ext remely affluent because if they were, they would be better off buying property on cash basis. Therefore a minimal budget should be considered in selecting strategies to make the company goal of breaking even more achievable.Lastly, the target market’s access to the service should be considered in order to limit strategies only to potential clients who have access to the product. However, since the product is available online aside from having strategically situated offices in target states, there is little to no value to trying to find limiting agents based on market access as there probably are none.Marketing Vehicles and Advertisement ContentBased on the target market analysis, four vehicles are selected to drive the marketing strategy for McBride. These are local television, radio, and newspapers, information handouts in airports and tourist attractions, and linkages with local realtors. Local T.V., radio, and newspapers were selected as opposed to more popular national ch annels since they are more cost effective given the target which is geographically limited (Kaiman, 2004). In such media, all of the target groups would be represented and the focus on convenience will be greatly stressed as the advertisements’ theme (Kaiman, 2004).For airports and tourist destinations where there will be available handouts to capture potential markets composed of businessmen and traveling retirees, the content of the handouts would be specialized depending on the expected market. For businessmen, the content would be focused to how much more they can achieve when they do not have to busy themselves with the details of mortgage applications. For retirees, the focus would be the relief brought by hassle-free applications in getting the retirement house they’ve always wanted.The most challenging in terms of acquisition would be the realtor linkages since McBride would have to compete with other companies who are also courting such institutions. However, these linkages are also very significant because realtor clients represent the filtered market that the business is targeting and this filtered market are those that are most likely to avail of the product (Reimonds & Yenks, 2000). Hence, measures to obtain support from such institution should be sought with ample effort and spending.ConclusionThe marketing strategies available to McBride can effectively gather the exposure it needs in order to obtain sufficient market share. The minimal budget allotted for marketing is sufficient to sustain the devised strategies. It is expected that McBride will be able to reach its short term goals with the use of suggested marketing strategies.ReferencesGuiltinan, J. (1996). Marketing Management: Strategies and Programs. McGraw Hill/IrwinReimonds, A. & Yenks, L. (2000). Modern Marketing for Contemporary Businesses. N.Y.: DoubledayKaiman, H. (2004). Current Issues in Marketing Management. London: Gray & Tiller.

The impacts of recent recession on consumer behaviour within Airline Literature review

The impacts of recent recession on consumer behaviour within Airline industry - Literature review Example From a marketing perspective, the ability to influence consumer behaviour is to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting the consumer behaviour (Vanhuele, Wright and East, 2013). Consumer behaviour is the activities which people undertake when obtaining, consuming and disposing of products and services (Blythe, 2008, p. 56). The fundamental basis of marketing should be that the customers are at the centre of everything the firm does. In marketing management customers are the key concern. This means that understanding the behaviour pattern of the customers is essential for the managers. Traditional marketing management emphasized on product features and competitive positioning of the product (Abramovich, 2005). The conventional marketing management theory focuses on the customer relationship with the marketers of the company and the product value (Statt, 2011). The purchasing behaviour of the consumers relates strongly to the segmentation of the markets. There are three types of segmentation; geographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and demographic segmentation. Geographic segmentation means to divide the market area according to the location of th e potential customers. Psychographic segmentation means to segregate a consumer’s characteristics and behaviour. Demographic segmentation means the division of consumer groups according to variables such as wealth, gender, age and education level etc (Blythe, 2008). The managers of the company can strengthen their relationship with the consumers. The relational bonding between customers and employees will enable the managers to develop a product which will fulfil the consumer wants and needs. An established connection with the consumer provides the marketer information regarding the consumer behaviour. For example, the marketers would like to repurpose their products and services without hampering

Marketing in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing in Canada - Essay Example The proposed research paper will attempt to analyze the predominant themes in American marketing, and determine to what degree those themes continued to be used in the Canadian context. As a tentative thesis, this paper presumes that marketing strategies in Canada will, to a great extent, largely resemble marketing strategies that would be used in similar situations in America, and that firms that have both American and Canadian wings do not significantly alter their marketing strategies when advertising similar products or services on both sides of the border, an indication that such marketing strategies retain much of their effectiveness. OVERVIEW OF EARLY FINDINGS As a preliminary step to research, the author evaluated several marketing campaigns launched across both the United States and Canada, from companies with similar placements. At this stage apples-to-apples comparisons of marketing campaigns within a company (the way Ford markets a truck in the United States vs. Canada, f or instance), to attempt to control for the fact that a single company might choose to use similar marketing strategies simply as a cost-saving measures. Research was also conducted into marketing theory, looking into publications that de facto target a US audience as well as explicitly Canadian marketing publications. Throughout this process, some major themes in American marketing have become apparent: gender, patriotism, and technology. Most major marketing campaigns include one of these things to some degree or the other. GENDER Gender plays a major role in many marketing campaigns. Marketers try to connect many different products to the proper performance of gender. This is most clearly demonstrated through explicitly gendered products, such as Dove's normal line versus it's â€Å"Dove for Men† line, which promotes cleanliness as a masculine virtue rather than a feminine one, as is normally shown through marketing in their traditional line. This pattern is also apparent in non-gendered products: beer advertisements for men and for women will be very different from each other, despite being the same product and having many of the same benefits. Gender performance in the United States and Canada are very similar to each other, and one would expect marketing campaigns to feature gender in a similar way. PATRIOTISM Patriotism is rarely expressed explicitly, e.g. â€Å"it is the right thing for your country to buy this product,† - more often patriotism is invoked through connecting the product with demonstrated values of the country, such as strength or constancy, or it is made of products originating in the country. TECHNOLOGIES Technology is the area that might feature a stark difference between Canadian and American strategies. Though the United States, like most developed countries, is increasingly technology heavy, Canadians have proven to be more adept at adapting to social media than Americans. There is a higher percentage of Canadians who have adapted to social media, especially Facebook and Twitter, and they incorporate both of those technologies into their life faster. This might mean that companies need to put greater importance to social media in their

Legal Training Program (for Human Resource Management Class) Essay

Legal Training Program (for Human Resource Management Class) - Essay Example The workforce is becoming increasingly diverse. This contributes to the escalating rate of discrimination. One of the types of discrimination that happens in the workplace is sexual harassment. This is the most unwelcome and embarrassing behavior. Not only it can negatively influence the work performance of an employee, but it can lead to costly lawsuits for the organization. To improve productivity and to address the issue of sexual harassment, a good training program must be implemented. According to Konrad (2007), many of the US organizations are mandating the application of sexual harassment training program especially to their managers (p. 268). The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the federal government had been successful in addressing the concern on sexual harassment by ensuring that organizations under its supervision have conducted a training program for their employees (Swift, 1995, p. 53). A higher percentage of employees have expressed their satisfaction with the program. The assertiveness of the program has helped in reporting harassing behaviors which had been made easier for the victims. The same scenario had transpired in the European community particularly in the nongovernmental and voluntary organizations (Zippel, 2008, p. 66). The EU-wide campaign for sexual harassment training program had proven to be effective because more and more countries are adapting the program such as Germany, France, America and many more. There is discrimination in the workplace if there is hostility toward an individual based on sex, age, religion, race and even disability (Hoffman, 1999). Discrimination likely occurs in the workplace almost every day as employees interact. According to the study â€Å"Sexual Harassment Awareness Training at Workplace: Can it Effect Administrators’ Perception?,† the author found that â€Å"training has significant effects on the perception of sexual harassment ...† (Sabitha,

Inflation and Government Economic Policies Essay

Inflation and Government Economic Policies - Essay Example Economists tend to view moderate inflation favorably as it enables an economy to withstand a recession and empowers monetary policies to stabilize the economy. Additionally, inflation serves as a benchmark for a growing economy. Inflation may be regulated through monetary and fiscal policies by the monetary authorities. The Consumer Price Index is a measure of variations in the cost of a basket of commodities bought by households in a given period. Inflation can be quantified as the annual positive change in the Index. As shown in Table 1, since 2000 the C.P.I. has maintained a steady rise, except for 2009 when it fell (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics., 2015). Such an increase in the Consumer Price Index has been due to increased buying by the consumer. The desire to have the latest electronic gadget has primarily contributed to the increased purchasing, resulting in a positive change in the C.P.I. Additionally, C.P.I has been affected by the amount of disposable income and the relative prices of competing commodities. On the other hand, Producer Price Index (P.P.I) is an average measure of the change in the retailing prices paid to internal producers for their output. While the P.P.I has always been in constant flux, the change in the prices has always been a positive change. The increases in producer prices are due to the increasing cost of raw materials and sources of energy. Due to the constantly fluctuating prices of oil, which is a major raw material or source of energy, the P.P.I has always reflected the flux experienced in the global oil prices. In 2009, PPI experienced a negative change due to falling prices of raw materials during the financial crisis as shown in Table 2 (U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics., 2015). Consumer Expenditure Survey (C.E) is a federal survey that tracks the purchasing behavior of American consumers through the Quarterly Interview Survey and the Diary Survey. Since

Discuss two items from each museum and respond to the questions Research Paper

Discuss two items from each museum and respond to the questions - Research Paper Example So, it can be seen that this communication is a complex process, through the medium of the art work itself. Earlier, the term art was used to refer any sort of skill or mastery. But the Romantic spirit which transformed the scenario of art helped it to relate itself to any object, concrete or abstract, capable to stimulate thoughts and emotions. The power of Art to attract human minds is irrevocably proven and it is clear that the discussion of art pieces from different museums will shed much light to the foretold subject. The museums selected for the discussion are: National Portrait Gallery and Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, and the items selected are: 1. Fine arts- the portrait of Abraham Lincoln namely-‘The Penny Image of Abraham Lincoln’ (see appendix-1) by William Willard. 2. Natural history (Archaeology) – ‘Mummied Ibis’ (see appendix-2) i.e., mummified form of an animal excavated from Egypt. The painting-‘The Penny Image of Abraham Lincoln’, was painted by William Willard in 1864. The medium of the work is oil on canvas and the owner is the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. The object-‘Mummied Ibis’ is an animal mummy excavated from Abydos, an important site of Ancient Egyptian culture. The portrait is based on a photograph of Lincoln, captured by Anthony Berger at a famous studio, namely Mathew Brady’s studio, Washington D.C., in 1864. At the same time, the second object selected for discussion, i.e. ‘Mummied Ibis’ symbolize the cultural aspects of ancient Egypt. The process of mummifying or embalming was a complex process related to the belief of ancient Egyptians in life after death. Barry J. Kemp reflects that: â€Å"The nature of the ancient Egyptian state and its wealth of devices-myth, symbol and institution to manipulate minds and to direct the lives

Research methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research methods - Assignment Example One of the major sources that can lead to invalidity and unreliability in a research is the bias of the researcher (Baumgarten 2012). Biases in research are mainly categorized into selection bias, measurement bias, and analysis bias (CEMÂ  - Research -Â  Bias & Confounding n.d.). The present study focuses on learning about the different types on bias in research studies with specific examples for each of the types. Bias and Types of Bias in Research Studies: Bias is said to have occurred in a research when the outcomes of the research are different from the actual results. For example, if a research is focused on determining the risk of a disease and the results of the research reflect consistent overestimation of the risks, then the study can be said to have been based on bias. Design of a research is largely responsible for a bias and bias in general presents error in the same direction for a repeated number of the experiments for a particular research sample and work (World Heal th Organization 2001). Thus biases need to be reduced in order to produce a reliable and valid research. Types of Bias with Examples: Selection Bias: Selection bias is defined as the bias when some participants are favored and selected over others while sampling is conducted and the research outcomes are based on experiments conducted on such samples, thereby affecting the external validity of the research (Gravetter and Forzano 2010). It is also referred to as sampling bias. As a result of such bias, the outcome of the research reflects a systematic difference between those subjects that are included and those that are not. Thus either the results are underestimated or overestimated in terms of their statistics, rates, and ratios (Peat, Mellis and Williams 2002). This means that the study cannot be considered as reliable for use. Moreover, with different outcomes than the actual results, the validity of the research also gets reduced. An example of selection bias in research is a c omparison of patients in one hospital where a new wound dressing method is applied on them, with patients of another hospital who are offered the standard method of treatment. In such a case the possibility of selection bias is significantly high since different patients in different hospitals differ in their social and biological characteristics. Thus such a research is exposed to selection bias (Stommel and Wills 2004). Allocation bias is a type of selection bias that occurs when there is a difference in the characteristics of the different samples put in different trial groups of a particular research experiment, and has significant influence on the outcomes of the research (Peat, Mellis and Williams 2002). Measurement Bias: Measurement bias is defined as the bias that occurs when biases or errors occur in the process of measurement and calculations of the data based on which the results are obtained. Such biases can result from erroneous tools of measurement, errors in calculati ons, errors while measurements are recorded, participant bias, recall bias, and so on (Howlett, Rogo and Shelton 2013). For example, if dietary recalls are considered for a 24 hours time period, then measurement biases can occur with the methods of the interview, the assumptions of coding, or

Starting your Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Starting your Marketing Plan - Essay Example A syndicated mall is a convenient location to attract people who will walk past the mall. Segment location of Zsamar’s Barber Salon will spreads around ten miles within the radius of the mall. The location of the salon will harbor a target population of 4500 people. The location of Zsamar’s Barber Salon will consider various demographic, behavioral, and geographical factors. The business will serve their target market from a centrally located region. Geographically, Zsamar’s Barber Salon immediate city is New York and the communities that will surround the business consist of 100,300 people. Demographically, the business will serve adult women, teens, young women, and children. Consequently, 3-12 years will comprise 0.1% of the target market, 13-19 years will comprise 14% of the target population, 20-30 years will comprise 26%, while 30 years and above will comprise 56% of the target population. Based on the business’ distribution, the services and product s of Zsamar’s Barber Salon will be dispensed from the central

Benjamin Franklin Essay Example for Free

Benjamin Franklin Essay Benjamin Franklin is a notable figure in American history and perhaps one of the most recognizable in name and appearance. Franklin was one of the most important people during the early years of the nation because of his involvement with the Declaration of Independence and the diplomatic and political advances he made during his life as a citizen of the new United States of America. Known for his curious mind, Franklin is also remembered for his many scientific contributions to the field of Physics. While many people would say that George Washington is the father of this country, there is a good argument that Benjamin Franklin should hold the title in the history books. Why? Because he is the only founding father to have signed the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Paris, and the Constitution, and it is these three documents as a whole that created the United States as its own nation apart from Great Britain and established its place in the world. Without his ability to be diplomat, his political sense, and his scientific advancements, the United States would have likely never become the nation that it is today and for this reason, Franklin is destined to have a place in American history. Benjamin Franklin was, for all intents and purposes, first and foremost a shrewd and successful politician. During his political life he accomplished a great deal of important things. One of the most notable of Franklin’s political dealings was his absolute disapproval of the Stamp Act and he was at the head of the effort to have it repealed by Parliament. He was appointed by the Continental Congress to the committee that would draft the Declaration of Independence and was in fact the person that edited it. In his later years, he was part of the committee that created the United States’ Constitution and was single-handedly able to help the unhappy delegates come to a compromise and helped, through an impassioned speech, get them to sign it. In his last years he was also known for being a dedicated abolitionist and spent a great deal of political energy asserting this cause. Throughout his life, his writings and activism helped establish the United States as an American nation. In fact, he is credited with having inventing the idea of an American nation. As a diplomat, Benjamin Franklin was well-liked and received by other nations because of his friendly nature, his intelligent conversation, and his ability to connect with people on a different level. His most notable diplomatic accomplishment was the Treaty of Paris, which helped establish the United States as a separate and equal nation. Franklin was well-liked by the French because he was able to quickly understand the customs of the people and used his ability to negotiate over the dinner table to effectively make connections with the French. Throughout his life, Franklin would be known as an accomplished diplomat for the United States. As a scientist, Franklin’s accomplishments are well known by Americans. Franklin was an inventor who enjoyed trying out new ideas and coming up with new scientific ideas. Among his inventions were the lightening rod, the glass harmonica, and bifocal glasses. His experiments with electricity were among his most well-known and became important contributions to Physics. He also founded the American Philosophical Society, where men of science would get together and discuss their inventions and scientific research. Throughout his life, his greatest love would be science and his study of electricity. Benjamin Franklin is perhaps the most important of the founding fathers because his contributions to the country went far beyond simply serving as president or fighting in a war. Franklin was able to use his ability to work with others, be diplomatic, and his intelligence to help create the nation that he envisioned. He not only helped the United States break away from England, but was there to help the American people gain status in the world at large and to help create the Constitution that would be the foundation of American society. His accomplishments in science and his founding of the American Philosophical Society helped bring science and culture to a fledgling nation that was trying to find its own way. For this he will always be remembered as the Father of the country. Bibliography Benjamin Franklin. Wikipedia. 29 Jan. 2007 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin#Inventions_and_scientific_inquiries.

BP Corporate Governance

BP Corporate Governance The concept of corporate governance is the system by which business corporation are directed and controlled. The three main aspect of good corporate governance are seen in shareholder right, transparency and board accountability. (Corporate governance by Alan Calder 2008). Definition: Corporate governance is concerned with holding the balance between economic and social goal and between individual and common goal and aim is to align as nearly as possible the interests of individual, corporation and society (Sir Adrian Cadbury, 1999). Using the British Petroleum case, we develop a model of efficient corporate governance addressing all facets of the society in which corporations exist such as economic, ethical, political, and social. These facets determine the norms by which corporate decisions are judged. Without incorporating every facet into decisions, companies will eventually fall short and company just cant do the things in profit motive by sacrificing the moral and ethical issues British Petroleum failed in averting the Mexico oil spill due to lack of coordination between board and chairman and interlacing all the facets of society in the corporate decision making process. This failure contributed to the mismanagement of the company by a relatively detached board of directors who failed to assimilate high ethical management standards into the foundation of decision making process. This model developed here will help companies in addressing the appropriate system of corporate governance which serves as a foundation to avert failure through the practice of high ethical patterns of behavior which are needed to survive in the modern business world. Case analysis and discussion By late 2010,the British Petroleum has become a cause cà ©là ¨bre amongst those concerned with corporate governance and particularly with the social, ethical and environmental responsibilities of business In the 21st century, corporate governance has become critical for medium and large organisation. The organization which fallows corporate guidelines strategy performs well than compared to organization which does not adhere to the guidelines. Corporation work with governance framework which is first set by law and then by regulation emanating from the regulatory bodies to which they are subject. The chairman and Boards of directors are responsible for the Mexico disaster as they not properly scrutinised the outsourcing to the partner and we call as leadership failure. The responsibilities of the board include setting the companys strategic aims, providing the leadership to put them into effect, supervising the management of the business and reporting to shareholders on their stewardship. It will be critically analyses the corporate governance structure of British Petroleum and its related issues regarding the corporate social responsibility. British Petroleum Corporate Governance structure Board structure British Petroleum Board fallows unitary board structure, characterized by one single board comprising both executive and non executive directors. The unitary board is responsible for all aspects of the company activities and all the directors are working to achieve the same ends. The shareholders elect the directors to the board at the company annual general meeting. The Board of British Petroleum focuses more on Agency theory which take into account of principle- agent framework. The work of Jensen and Meckling (1976) in particular, and of Fama and Jensen (1983), are associated with this Agency theory (Corporate governance -Christine A Mallin). In Agency Theory, in the context of corporation and issues of corporate control, agency theory views corporate governance mechanisms, especially the board of directors as agent to monitor the functioning of management or the corporation. The focus of the theory is on design proper incentives measure and implementing those incentives and monitoring the performance. Economic performance is vital, and increasing shareholder value is deemed good. Agency theory, however, is not able to address the issues of non-direct shareholder interests such as political pressures and societal expectations from firms such as British Petroleum The corporate governance structure of a firm should provide the medium of norms and best practices which balance the needs of all stakeholders of the firm. Therefore, the model of corporate governance structure for firms must include economic, political, social and ethical norms for decision making in order for firms to gain and retain legitimacy which leads to resources and survival. British Petroleum Plc board governing principle is as fallows. The BP Board is responsible for the direction and oversight of BP plc (BP) on behalf of the shareholders and is accountable to them, as owners, for all aspects of BPs business. The Board recognize that in conducting its business, BP should be receptive to other relevant constituencies. British Petroleum believes that good corporate governance involves to specify the role and responsibilities and the proper utilisation of distinct skills and processes. The Board therefore focuses on activities that enable it to promote shareholders interests, such as the consideration of long-term strategy, the monitoring of executive action, and ongoing Board and executive management succession. The board gives clear guide lines for the allocation of authority for the executive management of BP through the group Chief Executive (GCE) and these can be seen in the Governing principle The BP Goal The Goal of British petroleum is to maximize the shareholders value by investing the resources to activities in the oil, natural gas, petrochemical and energy business. The role of the Board The Board is collectively responsible for pursuing the BP Goal and is accountable to shareholders for all the actions of BP. The Boards role is to govern BP by discharging its sole responsibilities, which include Focus primarily on strategic issues; Regard to economic, political and social issues and any other relevant external Matters which may influence or affect the development of BPs business; and Exemplify through these Board Principles and its expectations for the conduct of the BP business and its employees. The Board and its processes The Board will take into confidence and seek to obtain the view of the shareholder as a whole, the board will decide the agenda for the financial year and these will be done with consultation of chairman, general chief executive and company secretary. Discussion at Board meetings will be open and constructive and the record will be kept confidential, unless there is a specific decision or legal requirement to make disclosure. The entire director can obtain independent professional advice relating to directors own responsibilities and the affairs of BP. Board Composition and Compensation Composition, Size, Independence and Tenure The Board comprise a experienced individuals with appropriate range of knowledge and working principle in Experience in dealing with strategic issues and long-term perspectives; Leadership experience, a superior knowledge of business principles and capacity Independent thought; Ability to participate constructively in deliberations; and Willingness to exercise authority in a collective manner. The director are elected annually by shareholder and half of director excluding the chairman, are non-executive director. Board and Director Evaluation The Board will evaluate its own working condition and performance including the work of its committees and this is done to keep the efficiency of the board. The performance and contribution of individual directors as members of the Board will be reviewed periodically, with the Chairmans performance being reviewed annually. The non executive will monitor the work of General chief Executive, the performance of the Executive directors will be monitored by the GCE and Non-Executive directors. Board Induction and Education All the directors will be given induction and training program for enable them to fulfil their responsibilities as directors, all the directors especially non-executive directors are prepared give sufficient time for the discharge of their BP responsibilities. The board will be kept informed by the directors through company secretary. The Nomination Committee will keep under review the commitments of Non-Executive directors and make recommendations to the Board if the Committee concludes that a directors other commitments are inconsistent with those required by BP. Role of the Chairman The Chairman will the leader of the board and act as facilitator, and has authority to act and speak for the board meeting on matter relating to the board principle. The Chairman is empowered to make any decision, establish any policy, take any action or enter into any obligation which is consistent with the Board Principles. and, in so doing, may interpret the Board Principles in any reasonable manner. The Chairman will ensure that systems are in place to provide directors with accurate, timely and clear information to enable the Board to consider properly all matters before it. The Chairman is responsible for ensuring the integrity and effectiveness of the Board Principles. The chairman role is clearly followed as per Sir Adrian Cadbury observation the primary task of chairman is to chair the board. This is the work they have been appointed to do and, however the duties at the top of the company may be divided. Chairing the board is their responsibility alone (p. 78). He clear highlights an important difference between CEOs and chairman. This principle is adhered by the British Petroleum as per Sir Adrian Cadbury statement on chairman. Role of the Deputy Chairman The Deputy Chairman will play as role of chairman in his absence and deputy Chairman normally serve as the Boards Senior Independent Director and will be accessible to shareholders who have concerns that cannot be addressed through normal channels. The Company Secretary The company secretary is selected by the nomination committee and all the board members have access to the advise and service of company secretary. The Company Secretary is responsible for advising the Board and the Committees on  all governance matters, ensuring that Board procedures are followed, that the applicable laws and regulations for the conduct of the affairs of the Board are complied with and for all matters associated with the maintenance of the board Board Committees The Board consists of permanent committee which are as The Chairmans Committee, Safety, Ethics and Environment Assurance Committee (SEEAC), Remuneration Committee, Audit Committee, Nomination Committee Chairmans Committee: Consist of chairman and all non-executive Directors and it work include; Evaluate the performance and the efficiency of the GCE Review the structure and systems for senior executive development and determine the succession plan for the GCE, the Executive directors and other senior members  of executive management Determine any other matter which is appropriate to be considered by all of the  Non-Executive directors Safety, Ethics and Environment Assurance Committee: consist of four to six Non-Executive Directors and it work include Monitor and obtain assurance that the management or mitigation of significant BP risks of a non-financial nature is appropriately addressed by the GCE Receive and review regular reports from the GCE or his delegate, the Group Internal  Auditor and the Group Compliance and Ethics Officer regarding the GCEs adherence  to the relevant Executive Limitations and his management in responding to risk Review material to be placed before shareholders which addresses environmental,  safety and ethical performance and make recommendations to the Board about  their adoption and publication Remuneration Committee: Consist of at least three Non-Executive Directors and it work include Determine the terms of engagement and remuneration of the GCE and the Executive directors and to report on those to shareholders   Determine on behalf of the Board matters of policy over which BP has authority  relating to the establishment or operation of BPs pension scheme of which the Audit Committee: Consist four to six Non-Executive Directors and it work include Monitor and obtain guarantee that the GCEs internal control system is in place and implemented effectively in the observance of the audit and relevant toExecutive Limitations Review regular reports from the GCE or his delegate, the Group Internal Auditor and the Group Compliance and Ethics Officer which evidence the GCEs adherence to the relevant Executive Limitations and his management in responding to risk Review all financial disclosure documents including quarterly results, annual accounts, prospectuses, information and offering memoranda to be placed before shareholders or filed with regulatory bodies and make recommendations to the Board about their adoption and publication Nomination Committee: Consist of chairman and chairs of SEEAC, Audit and Remuneration committee and it work include Categorise recommend candidates for appointment or reappointment as directors and company secretary Review the mix of knowledge, skills and experience of the Board to ensure the orderly succession of directors Evaluate outside directorship/commitments of the Non-Executive directors Risk and Internal Control The GCE will not cause or permit BP to operate without a comprehensive system  of controls and internal audit to identify and manage the risks that are material to BP,  to protect BPs assets and to monitor the application of BPs resources in a manner  which meets the standards of external auditors. (BP governing plc extract from bp.com) Weakness of corporate governance structure in British petroleum In the wake up of Gulf of Mexico oil spill, the corporate governance structure and the governing principle collapsed , the oil giant send uncharismatic leader, chief executive Tony Hayward to placate its major partners and stakeholder. Instead, BP should quickly provide new leadership and replace its ineffective top decision-makers. That would be just the first step in trying to win back the confidence of its partners and regaining investors trust while it continues to work on stopping the massive oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico and cleaning up the environmental disaster its created,The Financial Times in an editorial on July 6 said theres an urgent need for changes at the top of BP. And foremost investor Warren Buffett has said Hayward needs to be replaced for the good of both BP and the U.S. The FT made clear what it believes BP should do: There is no question that top management will have to be changed following the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. It noted that BPs response has exposed shortcomings in leadership and presentation.(Gene Marcial, financial columnist in Daily finance 7/12/2010) Analyst Lucy Haskins of Barclays Capital in a recent report noted that there are serious corporate governance questions given the magnitude of events at BP, which she describes as structurally disadvantaged. Haskin advises BPs nonexecutive directors should should change the whole corporate governing system of the company, like appointing new CEO and new leadership team.(Analyst Lucy Haskins of Barclays Capital in financial times December 2010) As we can see, on paper, BP addressed the management teams responsibilities in their corporate governance program. It is this same program that is being rated by Management Excellence and ranked accordingly. BP ranked number three on the list and surprising to many as BP ethics are based solely on board structure and policies. If the rating were based on management actions then we would have a new ranking, as ethics should be based on the verbs that management take in the day-to-day operations of the company; not the policies.   Olsen (2005) points to BP having more fatalities than compared to other company and also the recent 11 death in the April 20, 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (Casselman, 2010). Considering death toll of BP and disaster like the Texas Refinery explosion, pipeline leaks, illegal doming, and the Gulf Coast oil leak, we feel some things out of place and the rating system has it wrong, as environmental issues cannot be measured by policy and Procedure but the actual action and their day-to-day activities to gauge the ethical behaviour. Effective boardrooms need to be able to perceive fraud and misdeeds within their organization. To accomplish this, directors need to make sure they have internal controls that monitor, detect, and measure the usefulness of red flags. Employees and management must be properly trained to spot red flags within the scope of their job functions. Properly trained employees and management should be able to spot red flags sooner; leading to a reduction in cost per incident for fraudulent activities within the organization.   Creating an effective board, by utilizing Leblanc and Gillies (2003) model, can strengthen the overall sustainability of an organization. Effective boards have to understand the ethical risks, red flags, and internal controls within their organization. As failure to do so, often leads to a road, no one wishes to go down As per Tony Jackson review in Financial times British Petroleum has a stubborn nature of corporate culture which is difficult to change and also has defective safety culture. If we go through BP annual report which shows its top priorities are safety but it has not adhered to this statement as seen from Texas refinery explosion and Gulf of Mexico oil spill. Independent safety expert has given advise about BP US refinery safety upto to scratch and from we can assume there specific problem of corporate governance, Several investment professionals have said recently that the BP affair underlines the duty of owners to examine companies on safety. The recently refurbished UK Corporate Governance Code lays out the official position. The board, it says, is responsible for determining the nature and extent of the significant risks it is willing to take in achieving its strategic objectives. The board should maintain sound risk management and internal control systems. In other words top level management policy is not carried in execution below and this will make us believe the hypothesis of weak corporate governance in BP. Several institutional investors didnt buy BP share because of before the disaster because of safety worries. These all indicate weakness in safety, Ethics and environment Assurance Committee and actual fact the work is not up to mark of the committee Recommendation for good corporate governance in British Petroleum In general, we would recommend that corporate governance structure should establish a relationship among a company, its shareholders, and society in order to promote a fair, transparent, and accountable principle in an enterprise. Furthermore, the board of directors should be independent from the sphere of influence of the CEO and senior management. The board must bear no material relationship between the corporation and major independent directors. The Board should fallow the combined code of UK and Sarbanes-Oxley act of US as per the company operation of BP Refineries. Corporate governance structure for a particular firm must fulfill with societal norms to maintain legitimacy and resources in that society. In the model of corporate governance structure for firms developed in this manuscript, norms included economic, political, social and ethical norms Further, compliance by all the five groups of corporate governance structure -the Board of Directors external analysts, regulators, outside advisors and management form the model of corporate governance and all the group should remain independent in order to maintain check and balance The more proactive role is needed by the states and companies for the development process aimed at balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability and social cohesion, has motivated the following three interlinked business movements: This can be done by the following way Worldwide reforms on corporate governance. Corporate social responsibility SUMMARY In critically examining the case of British petroleum we have discussed with example of how corporate governance failures directly led to the fall in share price and loss of confidence in investor community. Though it is a helpful example to study and provide a scholarly discussion of the destructive effects a failure of corporate governance structures and corporate social responsibility can have on a companys shareholders, stakeholders, and society in general; a broader analysis leads us to conclude that having a governance structure in place that blends all appropriate norms of ethical, social, political and economic facets of society will have the most lasting and positive impact on all stakeholders. The interaction of all groups in the corporate governance structure is needed to help a corporations abide by best practices at all times. Sound corporate governance give confidence in the investors that the business environment in which the company operates is fair and transparent. It tells investors that that the company is made up of conscientious employees who respect the rights to ethics of care, justice, rights and utility. Overall, the notion of corporate governance is contained in the ethics of care, justice, rights and utility, and this is why it is of supreme importance in all business entities. Reference and Bibliography New UK Corporate Governance Code in force from 29 June 2010 BP plc -Board Governing Principle, September 20,2010 from bp.com Takis katsoulakos and Yannis Kat soulacos, Emerald Group publishing Ltd, Volume. 7 no. 4 2007,pp-355-369, Uche Nwabueze and Joan Mileski, Emerald group publishing Ltd, Volume 8 no .5, pp 583-594 Tony Jackson (2010), BP must ensure Its good intension become reality. Financial times, 27 June Oil spill Panels Reilly Fault Regulator, Wall street Journal(online), New York, March 4th ,2011 Leblanc R Gilllies J(2003), The coming revolution in corporate governance, Ivey Business Journal BP leads nation in Refinery Fatalities, Retrieved (2010), 1st October Ross, M (2008) 1st April, Fraud Red Flags Mallin A C (2010) 3rd edition, Corporate Governance Guler Aras David Crowther (2009), A Handbook of Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility Robert G Monks and Nell Minow(2004), 3rd edition, Corporate Governance Joseph. B. White, Proquest Document ID: 2282002181, Source , Newspaper British Petroleum Annual Report 2011

Social Context in the Poetry of John Donne Essay -- Biography Biograph

Social Context in the Poetry of John Donne Contemporary literary theory has thoroughly debunked the traditional view of the artist as a divinely inspired, completely original and creative individual. This view has been replaced with the more apt view of the author as a product of his or her environment and the existing discourses of the society in which he or she lives. In this new attitude toward the writer as a product of society, the author is considered, according to Dr. James E. Porter, as somewhat of a quiltmaker who takes various traces of the existing cultural intertext (the collected writing and debate of a society) and combines them in new ways to create new discourse (34). Differences in these new discourses of various authors are the result of existing debates concerning the dominant ideology of a particular society. While this theory of writing may be recent, it applies to the literature and the writers of all historical periods, including the Seventeenth century. By looking at two poems by John Donne, namely "Th e Canonization" and "The Flea," we can see how existing societal debates and beliefs create literature. At the time of the writing of "The Canonization" and "The Flea," around the turn of the seventeenth century, one of the biggest debates in English society concerned who was responsible for the choice of a mate and what the criteria should be the basis for marriage. Until the beginning of the seventeenth century, it had been traditional for the parents in the upper classes to be the sole source of marital decisions with their child having no say in the selection process and little if any say in the approval of a proposed match (Stone 70). These arranged marriages tended to be based solely on the accu... ...e historical and social context of a poem can one truly see all of the dynamics at work within a poem. These analytical methods may not simplify the process of reading and interpreting literature, but they provide a greater depth of understanding and appreciation that should be of interest to students of literature. Works Cited Donne, John. "The Canonization." The Literature of Renaissance England. Ed. John Hollander and Frank Kermode. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. 526-27. Donne, John. "The Flea." The Literature of Renaissance England. Ed. John Hollander and Frank Kermode. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. 534-35. Porter, James. "Intertextuality and the Discourse Community." Rhetoric Review Fall 1986: 34-47. Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage In England 1500- 1800. Abr. Ed. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1979.

Evolutionism Vs Creationism Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Questions on the origin of life and of the universe must have challenged human curiosity and imagination as soon as early man had time for activities other than survival. In 1859, Charles Darwin published the Origin of Species, and since then, people have debated between the creationism and evolutionism theories. The theory of evolution has been supported only through various religious writings, particularly the Bible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creationists believe in a divine creator, God. Creationism has a broad range of beliefs involving a reliance on God’s miraculous work to explain the origin of the universe, of life, and of the different kinds of plants and animals on Earth. According to the creationist view, God willed everything into existence, and this is how humans came onto the Earth. Creationists say that the evolution theory is biased and incomplete. They believe that the fossil records fail to provide a link between diverse groups. To find out how old fossils are, scientists use a method called radioisotope dating, which measures the amount of uranium or lead lost over the years. Creationists deny evidence from this testing because they assume no uranium or lead has been lost over the years. The process of evolution, which all living things developed from unicellular organisms, over billions of years Exactly how evolution occurs is still debated but it is a scientific fact that it does occur. Most biologists believe that the modern theory of evolution arose from a history of mutations either physically or chemically and it is still occurring. All organisms can be traced back to a common ancestor from inanimate matter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The science of paleontology or the study of life provides the most direct proof of evolution in the past through fossil remains or impressions, usually in rock. Other evidence comes from comparative studies of living animals and plants, including their structure and geographical locations. â€Å"Mollusks and vascular plants account for more than 80 percent† (Futuyma 87) of the world’s species, with about â€Å"1.4 to 1.8 million species† (Futuyma 87) in all. Changes occur in living organisms to help increase their adaptability, or potential for survival and reproduction, in the face of changing environments. Evolution apparently has no built-in direction or purpose. A given ... ...atively, is definitely an important piece of literature. To believe that the age of the earth is only 10,000 years old does not support the validity of the creationists. To many scholars, the Bible is a figurative book of parables, not to be taken literally. The use of the Bible may be hindering, instead of supporting, the validity of the creationist’s arguments. It is clear that evolution is much clearer to understand and accept than the creationism theory. There will always be people who will still be curious as to how we appeared on the earth, and some people will oppose the evolution theory, therefore, the evolutionism/creationism debate will forever continue. Works Cited Creation Science FAQ http://www.clubs.psu.edu/origins/faqsci.htm Drew Thinks About Evolutionism vs Creationism. http://petra.austinc.edu/arayburn/evolve.html Futuyma, Douglas J. Evolutionary Biology. 3rd ed. Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates inc., 1997. General QH 366.2.F87 Montagu, Ashley, ed. Science and Creationism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. General QH 371.S343 Strahler, Arthur N. Science and Earth History. The Evolution/Creation Controversy. New York: Prometheus Books, 1987. BS 652.S77

Equal But Different Essay -- essays research papers

For centuries blacks have suffered discrimination from the white society. They were thought to be uncivilized because of their dark skin color. Today, discrimination against skin color no longer exists legally in the United States. Public schools and workplaces are mixed with a variety colors and races from different countries. Though, it may seem that skin color doesn’t matter in society, the majority of society only make close friends or marry someone from their own race. Most of these feelings towards another of a different skin color are deeply rooted in our minds from previous generations. Their mentality prevents them from behaving the same. Difference in behavior from a multicolored society is evident in schools, in society, and in television. Most teenagers only hang around people from their own race. There is evidence of this in the school cafeteria. The cafeteria is split up in two parts. On one side, black teenagers eat with their same-colored friends. On the other side, whites and latinos sit separately in their own tables. Someone might say, â€Å"Well, that group sits apart from the other because they don’t speak the same language as the other group†. You mean to tell me that no black or latino can speak English. If skin color doesn’t matter then why doesn’t everyone sit together at lunch? When everyone is growing up they imagine themselves getting married to someone perfect with their skin-color. With a few exceptions, the majority of the population marries someo...

Emily Dickinson needs no introduction

Emily Dickinson needs no introduction. One of the most prolific and renowned poets in the literary world, Dickinson still remains largely a mystery. She is often labeled as a lifelong recluse who did nothing but sit in her attic all day and scribble poetry. However, Dickinson’s poetry reveals a soul keenly in tune with the human condition. The simple and always relatable poetry of Dickinson serves as her greatest autobiography, and as a testament to humanity itself. She was and remains the master of capturing emotion in a literary statue.Happiness, anger, envy, surprise—every feeling that man has ever felt flowed from Dickinson’s pen at some point. One subject contains all of these emotions, and this subject both haunted and fascinated Emily Dickinson throughout her life: death. The poet wrote passionately about death many times, but one poem—one image–in particular resonated with readers in its stark, memorable simplicity. In â€Å"I heard a fly b uzz when I died,† Dickinson masterfully interweaves tone, style, and imagery to capture a speaker in the midst of life’s greatest questioning challenge†¦. its own conclusion.In the poem, life’s end is represented through the persona of a dying individual. The condition of the terminally ill speaker emerges through the poem’s compact, simplistic, yet conflicted structure and in its one powerful symbolic theme. Consider, for example, the simple sounds which recur and reinforce the speaker’s thoughts. Soft ‘w’ (â€Å"Was† (3), â€Å"were† (6), â€Å"when† (7), â€Å"witnessed† (8), â€Å"willed† (9), â€Å"what† (10), â€Å"with† (13), â€Å"windows† (15)) and ‘s’ (â€Å"signed† (9), â€Å"see† (16), â€Å"assignable† (11)) sounds give the language a sighing quality, perhaps the labored breaths of someone whose every breath is a precious commodit y.Yet these soft sounds are accentuated by an aggressive assault of ‘st’ syllables (â€Å"stillness† (3), â€Å"storm† (4), â€Å"stumbling†(13)), as if the speaker is struggling with a mental block of resistance. Death also looms in the aphoristic nature of the speaker’s language. With just a few well-chosen words (a dying breath)—â€Å"stillness† (3), â€Å"wrung† (5), â€Å"storm† (4), â€Å"stumbling† (13)—the speaker provides powerful insight into the complex feelings which accompany death. Who else but a dying person would understand the value of quality over quantity?This human conflict is further reinforced by the alternating long and short lines which constitute the final stanzas. While the opening stanzas form near-perfect boxes (the very symbol of control), the frenzied push-pull of the speaker’s closing thoughts offers a concrete snapshot of the inner turmoil that surrounds impendin g death. The moment of transformation for the speaker—from peaceful resolve to subtle panic—is highlighted by a â€Å"Dickinson Dash† (Milani, â€Å"Dickinson Analysis†) â€Å"†¦.Could make assignable,–and then/There interposed a fly† (11-12). Can the majesty of death be reduced to a mere fly’s presence? Is the majesty merely an illusion? (Frankowski, â€Å"Death†) The fly itself is the anchor symbol in a speaker’s mindset largely devoid of elaborate imagery (Frankowski, â€Å"Death†). Throughout the poem, the speaker eludes to a need for some magical spiritual fulfillment: â€Å"And breaths were gathering sure/For that last onset, when the king/Be witnessed in his power† (6-8).However, the only constant—the only true anchor—for the speaker as death approaches is the â€Å"uncertain, stumbl[ing], buzz[ing]†¦fly† (12-13). Does the small creature steal away the speaker’s peace by standing â€Å"Between the lights and me† (14)? Or does the fly’s final farewell (its auditory buzz) remind the speaker that he or she need not â€Å"see to see† (16). Does true sight come from the eyes, or does true sight—true light in fact—shine from a higher source?Perhaps the speaker’s musings are not random, but a confessed realization to the most enlightened audience of all, the Creator Himself. Why might one assume that the speaker is addressing God? First, and most simply, the speaker’s narrative occurs after death: â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died† (1). Yet evidence for the speaker’s intended audience also appears on a deeper level. The abstract diction of the speaker suggests a metaphysical plane: â€Å"stillness† (3), â€Å"form† (3), â€Å"breaths† (6), â€Å"power† (8), â€Å"light† (14), â€Å"air† (3), and even the formless â€Å"buzz† (1).Furth er, the formal tone (â€Å"The stillness round my form† (2); â€Å"What portion of me I/Could make assignable† (10-11)) carried throughout the piece would likely be reserved for only the most respected and wise of listeners. In addition, the iambic trimeter rhythm (Milani, â€Å"Dickinson Analysis†) of the speaker’s words and the traditional ABCB rhyme scheme summons a classic adherence to timeless laws and beauty. A dying speaker and a celestial audience provide the most powerful backdrop for the poem’s ultimate theme: mental and spiritual conflict.

Apa/Aca Web Site Critique

Glenda Gale APA/ACA Web Site Critique PSY-460-O101 Course Fundamentals of Counseling and Guidance April 7, 2013 APA/ACA Web Site Critique I first chose to look at the ACA web site. I thought a lot of things were good there. They seemed To be open to everyone’s opinions and keeping things updated yearly according to feedback they had received. They had a very long and boring list of rules but they were clear at the same time. I feel someone who didn’t have a lot of patience or time would not be able to get through all of the rules.The rules covered everything you can think of, from privacy to sexual relationships not being legal Between a client and counselor. I didn’t think it was mapped out as good as the ACA web site though. The APA web site had options right from the beginning to choose your psychological issues. For example, I chose to click on autism and everything came up that I needed to know. It went down a list of what you need to know about autism, trea tment options for autism, news articles that was about autism, and even a book section where you could choose a book to read for self- help options.Now, as for me, who has an autistic son, I found a lot of clear and understanding information on the topic. I was also pleased to find that there were different books out there that could help me understand different issues I am having with my son. Everything was plain and clear for me to understand and I didn’t have to scroll through a bunch of options that didn’t have anything to do with me or what I was looking for. This site even had an option to tell me what kind of counselor would be best for our needs.The web site helped me to see that I was not alone and that others are facing the same issues. If I had to choose between the two web sites, by which one I preferred, I would choose The APA web site for sure. It was easier to navigate and easier to understand. I know rules and Such are important and the ACA web site had an area for rule as well, but it wasn’t just all thrown In there together. Someone upset and searching for help is going to feel better with options to click on.I felt better knowing that I was reading everything there was about autism and that I didn’t have to Scroll through a bunch of other things to find what I was looking for. When I was going through the APA web site, I felt overwhelmed and lost. I couldn’t find what I was looking for and I just wasn’t Interested in staying there very long. Why is someone going to use a site that doesn’t give you options to choose from and then tell you everything you want to know about that subject only?The APA web site even has options to click on about each ethics code and read about each one individually. In being a counselor, I would find this APA web site easier too. If a client had a question about a ethics code, I could quickly click on that specific link and have their question answered as fast as th ey asked it. If someone is confused, they aren’t going to want to be more confused by reading a bunch of topics all jumbled up together. If a client came to me about a certain topic, like autism, I could quickly give them all the information they needed.I would even have a list of self -help books and what they are about to offer them to read up on the issues they might be having. If you have that information right there and ready, it’s going to show them that you know what you are doing and that would give them confidence in you if they decided they needed a counselor too. Having confidence in you counselor is important. Finding the right information is important too. Getting it quickly is even better. References: http://www. counseling. org/ http://www. apa. org/

Hawthorne’s Motives for Writing the Scarlett Letter Essay

Hawthorne’s motives for writing The Scarlet Letter were to expose corruption in Puritan society, religion, and politics. Hawthorne demonstrates both corruption and hypocrisy in Puritan society as the townspeople and even the Governor wear her embroidery, yet banish her and ostracize her as an outcast and a sinner. The town buys her clothes for an unknown reason; most likely their own curiosity, it’s beauty, or they just felt sorry for her. This shows the society’s inability to follow through with their own punishments. They are willing to ostracize her and banish her, but still buy her embroidery. However much they chose to wear her embroidery on most articles of clothing, they refused to wear her embroidery on wedding veils as they were created by her sinful hands, showing the â€Å"relentless vigor with which society frowned upon her sin† (Hawthorne 76). Religion played a major role in Hawthorne’s writing, even though he was not a member of any religious organization. The religion mentioned in The Scarlet Letter was Puritanism and in his writing he intended to expose the power the Puritans used to control the church and state. For example, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Roger Williams differed with the colony’s leaders on the relationship between church and state. â€Å"The authorizes in the Bay feared that the foul error emanating from him could spread and corrupt the entire colony. In October 1635, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony banished him† (smithsonianmag.com). Due to the fact that Hawthorne was not a part of any organized religion he was able to criticize religions without the fear of repercussion. Hawthorne also wanted to expose the corruption in religion when he wrote The Scarlet Letter. In the Custom House he mentioned that he was a Democrat while the Whigs were in power. Hawthorne also said â€Å"I had spent three years†¦in an unnatural state, doing what was really of no advantage nor delight to any human being† (Hawthorne 40). Here he is saying that because he was a Democrat in a Whig society he felt he couldn’t speak up and that it was unnatural.

Large Quantities Of Non Biodegradable Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

To being in green standards, hotels must be eligible for environmental patterns within their operation. There are enterprises for bettering hotel public presentation, for case, The Environmental Management System ( EMS ) including the installing of environmentally-friendly merchandises and equipment every bit good as advancing usage of renewable energy engineerings. In EMS term, sustainable hotels need an ecological direction to accomplish environmental direction which must affect the measuring of environmental patterns through scrutinizing. The direction system must hold 3 chief properties ( Welford, 1995 ) . First, the system should cover all the activities of hotels and every individual in organisation have to be responsible seting it into practical manner. Second, people who are involved in demand to explicitly understand the process, hence preparation is critical for transporting out responsibilities and functions for effectual development. Third, there must be a committedness t o uninterrupted rhythm of betterment in the system in order to make zero negative impact on the environment. The traditional attack embarks on the auditing of the environmental direction system and an appraisal that hotels are run intoing their aims and marks to guarantee that energy is non being utilize unnecessarily during period of low tenancy. The first measure in understanding and practising green hotel is measuring the impact of each hotel installation towards the environment. They could make an energy profile of the hotel and find the major countries where consume the most energy and present actions that could cut down energy usage, initiate the energy efficiency steps by holding regular care, alteration the hotel edifice and edifice sub-system, promoting natural airing, and replacing disused hotel equipment. Furthermore most of energy usage in edifice is extremely inefficient, particularly the infinite conditioning in which the largest user of energy in hotel. It is perchanc e because of hapless insulated walls, roofs, Windowss, heating pipes, hapless direction of illuming and design characteristic that necessitate inordinate energy usage. So the environmental scheme could be achieved through pull offing the 3 chief sectors in a hotel as followers:EnergyA practical programme to conserve energy is to get down with the procedure which will cultivate the greatest nest eggs for the least cost. The indispensable country where major energy economy could be made is in the operation of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning ( HVAC ) system that can assist forestall the waste of fuel and electricity. To get down with energy nest eggs with sensible cost, hotel equipment and systems can get down with installing of clip switches which control single units in unoccupied countries to work at specified clip, and puting conditions compensators to keep and set optimal temperature harmonizing to the external clime. In order to cut down electrical power, light-reflecti ve surfaces and contemplation are applied to replace electric illuming at the same time with usage of energy-efficient lamps and motion detector visible radiation. Apart from low-priced alterations and betterments, there are besides high costs alongside with long payback periods such as co-generation and renewable energy engineering. The former can besides be called combined heat and power coevals ( CHP ) which makes usage of the coincident production of electricity and heat, besides be harnessed to supply chilling. It is an effectual manner for preservation of energy due to retrieving of energy that might otherwise be release in the ambiance. The later which is be used successfully in many hotels is solar photovoltaic ( PV ) ; panels incorporating solar cells which convert daytime into electricity. It is peculiarly non cover with energy preservation, but besides cut down overall C footmark through cut downing CO2 emanations.WaterHotels consume a big volume of H2O and pollute natura l resources by untreated sewerage. This is the major cause of diseases in homo and serious jobs to populating beings. Minimal demands for H2O efficiency should prerequisite in the design procedure and are carried by puting intent and mark on design and building thereby can ensue in rapid payback by which it can cut down the sum of H2O ingestion. There is core rule that is non on the disbursals of the invitees ‘ comfort but prosecuting with sustainable H2O schemes. For case, conserving waste H2O that has been used in sink and bath can cut down the hazard of H2O pollution by recycling it for landscaping or in toilet systems, recycling of H2O every bit far as possible, mending of pipe escapes, installing of water-saving devices, and information of forces about H2O preservation patterns every bit good as engagement of invitees ( B & A ; uuml ; gler, 2011 ) . In endeavoring to go more water-efficient, hotels must eager to better on H2O ingestion rates by utilizing water-saving engi neerings in countries of major usage. In each room will hold cusps to inform invitee that sheets and towels are non automatically changed every twenty-four hours during stay, therefore diminishing use of H2O, energy and harmful detergents.WasteThe big measures of solid and liquid wastes spoil the surrounding environment and landscape due to inadequate direction and handling. It is hence necessary to minimise wastes at beginning every bit good as the recycle. Successful waste direction programme attends to the ‘3 R ‘s ‘ in precedence order- cut down, reuse and recycle. First of wholly, the hotels must scrutinize the major beginnings of installation ‘s waste watercourse where there are generated from at the same time with finding the costs of intervention and disposal of wastes for each section. Once the appraisal has done the segregation of wastes demands to be organised at beginning and distinguish containers my agencies of labels or pictograms for each type of waste. The decrease of entire sum of waste can be achieved in a figure of ways, viz. , for on-site hotel equipment it should be sustainable merchandises, besides least polluting and used with right process to increase life span, recycling electronic and electric contraptions and donate unwanted points which are still working to local associations. With respect to decrease of packaging wastes, buying should avoid telling little measures and utilizing refillable comfortss dispensers for hygiene merchandises such as soap, lotion, shampoo and conditioner in hotel invitee room can be replaced disposable one ( Ruben, 2011 ) .

The Fashion Channel Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Fashion Channel - Case Study Example The paper "The Fashion Channel Case" concerns the fashion Cannel case.The Fashion Channel, commonly known by its initials TFC, was successful cable TV network, that through time, continued to solely base, and dedicate its broadcasting to fashion, as well as other related entertaining features, twenty-four hours a day. The channel continued to flourish, being one of the most widely available networks on air, and within transmission in the U.S. Statistics reveal that, about eighty million households in the U.S, had subscribed cable television, that had the Fashion Channel in range fo viewing It was clear to Wheeler that, TFC had grown impressively, though quickly, and maintained that the trend ought to be kept up. It however proved astounding that, this growth did not entail strategies involving branding, detailed segmentation or any positioning strategies whatsoever, yet the growth and development was clear. Viewers were provided with meaningful and appropriate substitute channels for view. The same case applied to advertisers, who gained handsomely from the T.V sector and particular programmes in general. This new dynamics of competition had prompted the administration of the company behind the channels success, to rethink and get back to the drawing board, on what strategies would facilitate prevalence of the company, against it competitors. It was time for the channel to secure its position as the leader in the market. This was only possible, through the building of modern brand strategies.

Organizational Conflicts of Interest In Contracts Management Dissertation

Organizational Conflicts of Interest In Contracts Management - Dissertation Example I am going to focus on the four instances that tend to create organization conflict of interest in contract management process and how the OCI regulation helps contract officers to handle them. I will also include research questions and a problem statement on the topic that will give readers more understanding on what I am talking about. Problem statement The goal of this research paper is to come up with a good solution to solve the problem of organizational conflicts of interest in the process of contract management process. Organizations need to make sure that the process of giving out contracts is free and fair and that the best qualified for the job gets it (Friedberg 1999). Anyone with any other interests should not get the job at any cost. The main reason why organizations are facing this problem and making it so rampant in the contract management process is because organizations lack proper guidelines that can prevent this. Organizations also have contract management officers who lack integrity and the knowledge of how to curb this vice (Lo et al 2000). The people seeking these contracts also play a major role in this process these are the contractors who try to find illegal ways to get the jobs or have other interests in the organization apart from the job itself. If organizations do not find ways to avoid this, then most contracts will never be up to the required standards of the organization and also the government standards. It is important that organizations make sure there are regulations to be followed in any contract management process (Marilyn 2009). The government should also make sure the regulations they have come up with are stricktly followed by the organizations and their contract officers. Research questions 1. Why Organizational Conflicts of Interest exist in Contracts Management? 2. Who are the people involved in this conflict of interest in contract management? 3. What makes these people have these conflicts of interest in the contrac t process? 4. How can the organizations and the government solve this problem? We need to know that organizational conflict of interests can result due to several factors. A potential conflict of interest is created by these aspects on an available contract; this makes the nature of the work to be performed on the contract to create an actual conflict of interest on the contract management process (Friedman 2002). The conflict here comes up because of a future acquisition. What are the two main situations in which organizational conflict of interest may occur in the contract management process? The first situation is when a contractor is probably unable to give unbiased assistance or advice to the organization offering the contract. Here we clearly see that the contractor interests are conflicting with how he is giving the organization assistance on how the contract will be handled or any other imperative information. Subsequently organizational conflict of interests may occur in co ntract management process is when a contractor has an inequitable competitive advantage for a contract that is available. (Nelson 2002) In the organizational conflict of interests embody two underlying concerns that define organizations conflict of inte

Stroke Rehabilitation Certification Program including education and Research Paper

Stroke Rehabilitation Certification Program including education and core competencies required for all Certified Rehab Registere - Research Paper Example This stroke is caused by clotting of blood, which in turn prevents blood flow through an artery or vein to the brain. When discovered early, this kind of stroke is treated by a drug that dissolves obstructing cots in the artery. Hemorrhagic stroke is the second common type of stroke. It is less common, and is caused by rupturing of a blood vessel in the brain thereby spilling to the surrounding tissue. As a result of the spillage, brain cells in the area die due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients required for them to function. The most common stroke risk factors are high blood pressure, heart disease, carotid artery disease, cigarette smoking diabetes and excessive consumption of alcohol. Its symptoms include numbness especially on one side of the body, confusion (either talking or listening), a severe headache, and dizziness, as well as, lose of balance. This paper will examine the role rehabilitation nurses’ play in caring for stroke patients, how certification for the prog ram is awarded as well as the core competencies required. The paper will also look at the impact by CNS, aspects of spheres of influence and synergy model. Introduction Stroke rehabilitation is the process within which patients suffering from stroke are treated in order for them to be able to continue with their daily life. Its main goal is to assist patients relearn the skills that were lost when stroke affected them. But the rate at which one relearns these skills varies according to the person affected. Stroke rehabilitation includes therapy to regain communication disorders such as listening, writing and comprehension. It also involves patients undergoing excises in order for them to regain their muscle strength. Once patients gain their muscle strengths, this is usually accompanied by mobility training which usually includes patients being taught how to use walking aids. In some instances, the use of electrical stimulation is involved in order to arouse weakened muscles so as t hey can contract (Chick et al., 2004). Stroke rehabilitation should begin once a patient has discovered what he/she is suffering from. This is aimed at stabilizing the patient’s medical condition. On the other hand, the duration of stroke rehabilitation depends on the recovery of the patients as most stroke survivors require more time. In essence, a rehabilitation center is supposed to ensure that a patient in a position to do better and became independent especially through enabling the patient to tolerate the changes that have emerged on their brain and body due to the stroke. This makes them be able to adjust more to living within their home, with family or even the entire community (Lindley, 2008). Need for Stroke Rehabilitation Program Stroke rehabilitation is aimed at helping stroke survivors reach high levels of independence and try to restore their productivity (Massaro, 2006). A rehabilitation program begins immediately a person is confirmed to be suffering from stro ke. They offer the program even after a patient is released from the hospital as per the flexibility of an individual. Rehabilitation does not necessarily cure the stroke, but it helps survivors achieve greatest achievable long term outcomes. On the other hand, rehabilitation will largely depend on the damage that has been caused to the brain. Of most important is to ensure that survivors are in a position of

LEADERSHIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

LEADERSHIP - Essay Example ording to the case study, "each had their own primary spheres of responsibility, but they all worked very closely together, doing whatever it took to get the job done" (Suesse 79). Todd Krasnow, in particular, seemed to embody three elements that were present and necessary for the effective evolution of this particular team: 1. optimism, 2. dedication, and 3. perspective. As Suesse phrased it, "Krasnows optimism, exceptional dedication, and "big picture" perspective often helped keep even the most heated debates substantive, rather than personal" (79). A major element that influenced the effective functioning of this core team can be designated under Bartolomà ©s number one guideline for building and maintaining trust--communication. According to Professor Bartolomà ©, one needs to "Keep team members and subordinates informed by explaining policies and decisions and providing accurate feedback" (Kreitner 408). Looking at Staples background, one sees that according to Suesse, "they [the founders core team] hashed out virtually every decision together, early on developing the discipline to back up their intuitions with hard data" (79). Other important guidelines for building trust among team members include support, respect, fairness, predictability and competence (Kreitner 408). One can see respect in the shared decision-making authority within this team, fairness in their willingness to "hash out" important decisions as equals, instead of a timeframe getting imposed from above, and competence in each members consummate professio nalism. One mistake that Lewis made with her transition to the marketing merger team fall under category number two: failed to build group cohesion and trust. This is often a problem when a manager makes a lateral transition into a new department. People within the new department have their own culture, rituals, and expectations. Lewis demonstrated a lack of sensitivity to these cultural variables when she challenged a marketing

Flexible deterrent option Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Flexible deterrent option - Essay Example FDO is therefore a more collective and integrated approach than other military actions. In this essay therefore, an existing flexible deterrent option is scrutinized by use of initial force analysis to understudy how the FDO increases defense support to the key determinants of FDO mentioned above. The emphasis of deterrence is a Task Force to deter Ahurastani aggression from aggravating. Initial Force Analysis for a Flexible Deterrent Option Capabilities needed to accomplish the specified key tasks For the flexible deterrent option to be successfully executed, there are key capabilities that must be accomplished for each key specific task. An important aspect of the flexible deterrent option is that even though the flexible deterrent option (FDO) has an aim of securing Nakhchivan airfield to facilitate force and sustainment flow into the entire Nakhchivan region, this aim would be seen as a collective goal that cannot be achieved by performing only one task. Once this happens, the FD O becomes an event rather than a process. The aim can therefore be broken down into specific objectives, which are each backed by a specific key task. The collective achievement of the tasks then represents the achievement of the aim3. ... These are sustainable competence, guidance, energy and materials (engagement), combat readiness, information acquisition and processing, environment (knowledge), systems and modeling (maneuver), and force structure. Because of the interrelated nature of the mission of the FDO, these capabilities will be treated as related components of the mission rather than individual capabilities that apportioned forces must exhibit. Resources in apportioned forces There are three major apportioned forces, which are army, air force and navy. Among each of these forces, it is expected that all six capabilities identified above will be exhibited. But in order to make this possible, it is expected that certain resources that enhance the development of the capabilities will be in place. This is particularly necessary as the capabilities cannot be acquired or learned on an independent basis in the absent of resources. Currently, within the army, it is noted that there is an existence of huge problems w ith training, equipping and motivation for soldiers. Meanwhile for capability such as sustainable competence to take place, it is important that soldiers receive training on a constant basis so that their competences can be guaranteed and sustained. The same argument about training is true if capabilities like engagement, combat readiness, knowledge and maneuver can all be acquired4. For the capability of knowledge, which deals with information acquisition and processing to take place, it is expected that the army will be well equipped in the delivery of its duties. A similar case can be made for force structure, sustainable competence and combat readiness, which are all capabilities that cannot be guaranteed in the absence of motivation for soldiers.

Justice in Benito Cereno Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justice in Benito Cereno - Essay Example At the end, the leader of the revolt, Babo, was caught and killed. The story creates such an atmosphere where identifying the role of justice is a difficult task. However, a thorough scrutiny reveals that real justice was not ultimately done in the story. The story reveals that the purpose of the revolt for the blacks was to gain freedom, not to torture the whites. For example, after capturing the ship, the first thing Negro Babo asked was â€Å"whether there were in those seas any Negro countries where they might be carried† (Melville 64). This gives the insight that the sole purpose for the blacks was to regain their freedom and go back to a black country where they would not be subjugated to slavery. In addition, it is the fear of losing freedom that made them kill their master Don Alexandro Aranda. Negro Babo informed Don Benito of the intention in advance and gave the reason â€Å"he and his companions could not otherwise be sure of their liberty† (Meville 65). Apparently, the blacks had no intention to enslave the whites and torture them but to ensure their own liberty. In addition, the blacks used the chance to teach the whites the lesson that subjugation, torture and death are equally painful for all humans. To illustrate, on killing Don Alexandro Aranda, the ship’s proper figure-head was replaced by his skeleton. Thereafter, every white in the ship was asked, â€Å"whether, from its whiteness, he should not think it a white’s† (Melville 66). There is evident sarcasm aiming at the mentality of the whites seeing everything done by whites as virtue and blacks as vice. In simple terms, one can say that the revolt by the blacks was an effort to regain their much-valued freedom from the clutches of the whites. The readiness of blacks to risk their lives for the air of freedom is evidenced from their claim â€Å"they would do and conform themselves to everything the deponent should require as to eating and drinking† (Melville 64). Thus, the

Organizational Diagnosis. Skype Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Diagnosis. Skype - Essay Example McKinney’s 7S Model McKinsey’s 7S Model was developed by the business consulting company McKinsey and Company for serving business concerns with appropriate recommendations pertaining to the use of seven significant variables. The variables like ‘Style’, ‘Staff’, ‘Systems’, ‘Strategy’, ‘Structure’, ‘Skills’ and ‘Shared Values’ all beginning with the letter ‘S’ impact the internal environment of a business concern and thus needs to be effectively managed and levered by the managers (Falletta, 2005, p.14-15). The Congruence Model The Congruence Model based on assumptions like organizations is held to be open and dynamic systems and behaviors and interactions therein are studied at three levels like individual, group and system. Further the model divides the operating framework along three parts like inputs, throughputs and the outputs where resources like human, capital, technology and others are subjected to individual and organizational potencies and tasks to generate the desired output (Falletta, 2005, p.10-11). The Burke-Litwin Model The Burke-Litwin Model focuses on the aspect of organizational changes both relating to the parameters of business process and components involved. The model renders larger emphasis on factors that would lead to total transformation than other transactional factors. Significant changes identified by the model are such that tends to affect the organization in a paramount manner altering business philosophy, mission, structure, core values and vision and thereby giving new directions to proceed on (Falletta, 2005, p.26). Falletta’s Organizational Intelligence Model The Organizational Intelligence Model developed by Falletta focus on the identification of eleven essential factors that in turn contribute to the development of organizational performance through the process of engaging the employees in an enhanced fashion. The factors identified are both intrinsic and extrinsic in nature and thereby reflect varying impacts on the concern (Falletta, 2005, p.38-41). Open Systems Theor y According to the Open Systems Diagnosis Model the organizations are treated as open entities that tend to gain necessary inputs from the external environment in a spontaneous fashion aiming to transform the same into effective outputs. The outputs generated further contribute in the contribution of renewed level of inputs for the concern that are again subjected to processes to generate outputs (Falletta, 2005, p.7; National Defense University, n.d.). Force Field Analysis Force Field Analysis Model developed by Kurt Lewin focuses on identification of factors and triggers that contribute to the rendering of changes in the existing organizational systems and also such that act as potential restraints to such change process. The model in that effectively contributes to the achievement of an equilibrium state through addition of triggers to the change process and reduction of restraining factors (Falletta, 2005, p.4). Strengths and Weakness of the Different Models Model Strengths Weak ness McKinney’s 7S Model The model effectively reflects on seven internal variables related to a business concern that impact the efficiency and productivity of the concern. It reflects on the interrelatedness of the seven organizational variables identified. It reflects only on

Modification and Justification of SLA Essay Example for Free

Modification and Justification of SLA Essay The physical protection of Finman’s data will need to be protected by proper configuration and setup of data network infrastructure. Both thirds parties will need to ensure ACL systems are set and configured to ensure access and data flow is running properly. There is to be granted access to only privilege user’s assigned and agreed upon. Authentication and authorization is to be set in place to ensure protection with Finman’s data resources along with network resources. Authentication and authorization can be applied by enforcing Group Polices. Each third party will need to have proper verification set in place otherwise known as Third Party Verification (TPV). TPV will provide both parties to meet industry standards such as Federal Communication Commission and Federal Trade Commission. Backup solutions for data storage will need to be set in place to ensure integrity of Finman’s data and meets industry standards. Statement of Intent Auditing, encryption and threat management will need to be set in place to ensure no misuse of Finman’s resources are allowed. IT Security Management guidelines will need to be followed to ensure customers are educated and no misuse or abuse to Finman’s IT services or resources are allowed. Finman’s Intellectual property such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks are to be protected by identifying, labeling, locking it up, and educating employees. Utilizing Windows software trace preprocessor (WPP) can help with the tracing of software components. Justifications IT service management (ITSM) focuses on control access by utilizing various functions, processes, and systems necessary to manage the full lifecycle of IT services ( IT Service Management by Ernest Brewster, Richard Griffiths, Adian Lawes and John Sansbury 2012). ITIL also provides guidance to ensure proper guidelines are followed which follow the ISO/IEC 2000 standard. Risk management, hardware devices, and communication are three approaches to applying proper security of intellectual and physical property. By requiring ACL systems to be set in place assists with authentication and authorization of data between Datanel, Minetek, and Finman. ITSM ensures hardware devices are configured and set properly within the network infrastructure. This pertains to the setting up of firewalls, routers, and intrusion detection and protection systems. Communication is to be followed along with Group Policies. GP’s will assist with managing the network systems between all three parties. For example secure network connections such as VPN’s can assist with secure connectivity with Finman’s LAN. Third Party Verification is required by the Federal Trade Commission to assist with protecting intellectual property and business among companies. Datanel and Minertek will need to follow the TPV and GP guidelines to properly protect Finman’s integrity, patents, and copyright laws.

Life and career Essay Example for Free

Life and career Essay Singers parents were Viennese Jews who escaped the German annexation of Austria and fled to Australia in 1938. His grandparents were less fortunate; they were taken by the Nazis to Lodz, and were never heard of again. [1] Singers father imported tea and coffee, while his mother practised medicine. He attended Scotch College. After leaving school, Singer studied law, history and philosophy at the University of Melbourne, gaining his degree in 1967. He received an MA for a thesis entitled Why should I be moral? n 1969. He was awarded a scholarship to study at the University of Oxford, obtaining a B. Phil in 1971 with a thesis on civil disobedience, supervised by R. M. Hare, and subsequently published as a book in 1973. [2] After spending two years as a Radcliffe lecturer at University College, Oxford, he was visiting professor at New York University for 16 months. He returned to Melbourne in 1977, where he has spent most of his career, apart from many visiting positions internationally, and until his move to Princeton in 1999. Animal LiberationPublished in 1975, Animal Liberation[3] was a major formative influence on the animal liberation movement. Although Singer rejects rights as a moral ideal independent from his utilitarianism based on interests, he accepts rights as derived from utilitarian principles, particularly the principle of minimizing suffering. [4] Singer allows that animal rights are not exactly the same as human rights, writing in Animal Liberation that there are obviously important differences between human and other animals, and these differences must give rise to some differences in the rights that each have. [5] So, for example an animal does not have the right to a good education as this is meaningless to him, just as a male human does not have the right to an abortion. But he is no more skeptical of animal rights than of the rights of women, beginning his book by defending just such a comparison against Mary Wollstonecrafts 18th-century critic Thomas Taylor, who argued that if Wollstonecrafts reasoning in defense of womens rights were correct, then brutes would have rights too. Taylor thought he had produced a reductio ad absurdum of Wollstonecrafts view; Singer regards it as a sound logical implication. Taylors modus tollens is Singers modus ponens. In Animal Liberation, Singer argues against what he calls speciesism: discrimination on the grounds that a being belongs to a certain species. He holds the interests of all beings capable of suffering to be worthy of equal consideration, and that giving lesser consideration to beings based on their having wings or fur is no more justified than discrimination based on skin color. In particular, he argues that while animals show lower intelligence than the average human, many severely retarded humans show equally diminished mental capacity, and intelligence therefore does not provide a basis for providing nonhuman animals any less consideration than such retarded humans. Singer does not specifically contend that we ought not use animals for food insofar as they are raised and killed in a way that actively avoids the inflicting of pain, but as such farms are few and far between, he concludes that the most practical solution is to adopt a vegetarian or vegan diet. Singer also condemns most vivisection, though he believes animal experiments may be acceptable if the benefit (in terms of improved medical treatment, etc. ) outweighs the harm done to the animals used. [6] Due to the subjectivity of the term benefit, controversy exists about this and other utilitarian views. But he is clear enough that humans of comparable sentience should also be candidates for any animal experimentation that passes the benefit test. So a monkey and a human infant would be equally available for the experiment, from a moral point of view, other things being equal. If performing the experiment on the infant isnt justifiable, then Singer believes that the experiment shouldnt happen at all — instead, the researchers should pursue their goals using computer simulations or other methods. Applied ethics His most comprehensive work, Practical Ethics,[7] analyzes in detail why and how beings interests should be weighed. His principle of equality encompasses all beings with interests, and it requires equal consideration of those interests, whatever the species. The principle of equal consideration of interests does not dictate equal treatment of all those with interests, since different interests warrant different treatment. All have an interest in avoiding pain, for instance, but relatively few have an interest in cultivating their abilities. Not only does his principle justify different treatment for different interests, but it allows different treatment for the same interest when diminishing marginal utility is a factor, favoring, for instance, a starving persons interest in food over the same interest of someone who is only slightly hungry. Among the more important human interests are those in avoiding pain, in developing ones abilities, in satisfying basic needs for food and shelter, in enjoying warm personal relationships, in being free to pursue ones projects without interference, and many others. The fundamental interest that entitles a being to equal consideration is the capacity for suffering and/or enjoyment or happiness; mice as well as human beings have this interest, but stones and trees do not. He holds that a beings interests should always be weighed according to that beings concrete properties, and not according to its belonging to some abstract group such as a species, or a set of possible beings, or an early stage of something with an as yet unactualized potential. He favors a journey model of life, which measures the wrongness of taking a life by the degree to which doing so frustrates a life journeys goals. So taking a life is less wrong at the beginning, when no goals have been set, and at the end, when the goals have either been met or are unlikely to be accomplished. The journey model is tolerant of some frustrated desire, explains why persons who have embarked on their journeys are not replaceable, and accounts for why it is wrong to bring a miserable life into existence. Although sentience puts a being within the sphere of equal consideration of interests, only a personal interest in continuing to live brings the journey model into play. This model also explains the priority that Singer attaches to interests over trivial desires and pleasures. For instance, one has an interest in food, but not in the pleasures of the palate that might distinguish eating steak from eating tofu, because nutrition is instrumental to many goals in ones life journey, whereas the desire for meat is not and is therefore trumped by the interest of animals in avoiding the miseries of factory farming. In order to avoid bias towards human interests, he requires the idea of an impartial standpoint from which to compare interests. This is an elaboration of the familiar idea of putting oneself in the others shoes, adjusted for beings with paws or flippers. He has wavered about whether the precise aim is the total amount of satisfied interests, or instead the most satisfied interests among those beings who already exist prior to the decision one is making. Both have liabilities. The total view, for instance, seems to lead to Derek Parfits Repugnant Conclusion[8] — that is, it seems to imply that its morally better to have an enormous population with lives barely worth living rather than a smaller population with much happier lives. The prior-existence view, on the other hand, seems questionably indifferent to the harm or benefit one can do to those who are brought into existence by ones decisions. The second edition of Practical Ethics disavows the first editions suggestion that the total and prior-existence views should be combined in such a way that the total view applies to sentient beings who are not self-conscious and the prior-existence view applies to those who are. This would mean that rats and human infants are replaceable — their painless death is permissible as long as they are replaced — whereas human adults and other persons in Singers expanded sense, including great apes, are not replaceable. The second edition dispenses with the requirement of replacement and the consequent high population numbers for sentient beings. It asserts that preference-satisfaction utilitarianism, incorporating the journey model, applies without invoking the first editions suggestion about the total view. But the details are fuzzy and Singer admits that he is not entirely satisfied with his treatment of choices that involve bringing beings into existence. Ethical conduct is justifiable by reasons that go beyond prudence to something bigger than the individual, addressing a larger audience. Singer thinks this going-beyond identifies moral reasons as somehow universal, specifically in the injunction to love thy neighbor as thyself, interpreted by him as demanding that one give the same weight to the interests of others as one gives to ones own interests. This universalizing step, which Singer traces from Kant to Hare, is crucial and sets him apart from moral theorists from Hobbes to David Gauthier, who regard that step as flatly irrational. Universalization leads directly to utilitarianism, Singer argues, on the strength of the thought that my own interests cannot count for more than the interests of others. Taking these into account, one must weigh them up and adopt the course of action that is most likely to maximize the interests of those affected; utilitarianism has been arrived at. Singers universalizing step applies to interests without reference to who has them, whereas a Kantians applies to the judgments of rational agents (in Kants kingdom of ends, or Rawlss Original Position, etc. ). Singer regards Kantian universalization as unjust to animals. Its their capacity for suffering/happiness that matters morally, not their deficiency with respect to rational judgment. As for the Hobbesians, Singer attempts a response in the final chapter of Practical Ethics, arguing that self-interested reasons support adoption of the moral point of view, such as the paradox of hedonism, which counsels that happiness is best found by not looking for it, and the need most people feel to relate to something larger than their own concerns. Abortion, euthanasia and infanticide Consistent with his general ethical theory, Singer holds that the right to physical integrity is grounded in a beings ability to suffer, and the right to life is grounded in, among other things, the ability to plan and anticipate ones future. Since the unborn, infants and severely disabled people lack the latter (but not the former) ability, he states that abortion, painless infanticide and euthanasia can be justified in certain special circumstances, for instance in the case of severely disabled infants whose life would cause suffering both to themselves and to their parents. In his view the central argument against abortion is It is wrong to kill an innocent human being; a human fetus is an innocent human being; therefore it is wrong to kill a human fetus. He challenges the second premise, on the grounds that its reference to human beings is ambiguous as between human beings in the zoological sense and persons as rational and self-conscious. There is no sanctity of human life that confers moral protection on human beings in the zoological sense. Until the capacity for pain develops after 18 weeks of gestation, abortion terminates an existence that has no intrinsic value (as opposed to the value it might have in virtue of being valued by the parents or others). As it develops the features of a person, it has moral protections that are comparable to those that should be extended to nonhuman life as well. He also rejects a backup argument against abortion that appeals to potential: It is wrong to kill a potential human being; a human fetus is a potential human being; therefore it is wrong to kill a human fetus. The second premise is more plausible, but its first premise is less plausible, and Singer denies that what is potentially an X should have the same value or moral rights as what is already an X. Against those who stress the continuity of our existence from conception to adulthood, he poses the example of an embryo in a dish on a laboratory bench, which he calls Mary. Now if it divides into two identical embryos, there is no way to answer the question whether Mary dies, or continues to exist, or is replaced by Jane and Susan. These are absurd questions, he thinks, and their absurdity casts doubt on the view that the embryo is a human being in the morally significant sense. Singer classifies euthanasia as voluntary, involuntary, or non-voluntary. (For possible similar historical definitions of euthanasia see Karl Binding, Alfred Hoche and Werner Catel. ) Given his consequentialist approach, the difference between active and passive euthanasia is not morally significant, for the required act/omission doctrine is untenable; killing and letting die are on a moral par when their consequences are the same. Voluntary euthanasia, undertaken with the consent of the subject, is supported by the autonomy of persons and their freedom to waive their rights, especially against a legal background such as the guidelines developed by the courts in the Netherlands. Non-voluntary euthanasia at the beginning or end of lifes journey, when the capacity to reason about what is at stake is undeveloped or lost, is justified when swift and painless killing is the only alternative to suffering for the subject.