The Importance of Getting a Higher Grade When Taking a Sample Answer Essay

The Importance of Getting a Higher Grade When Taking a Sample Answer EssayThere are many types of course offered online and some are calling sample answer essays. These are designed to give the student a chance to give his or her essay answer in a class where this particular course is being offered. For those who take these type of courses, they could potentially get a higher grade than if they just passed the test or were given a straight A.This is because the online course will make sure that the student gives the most important answers and no ones out their head like picking and choosing their options. And that means that if you do choose an answer you will have to be specific when it comes to explaining that one. There are also specific worksheets that are included with the instructor's outline that are specific for the students that will be taking the test. They will ensure that all the questions are covered and answered correctly in order to give a good grade.In order to get a higher grade when taking a sample answer this one is important. The teacher will be ensuring that the students are doing what they are supposed to and giving the correct answers. Therefore, when answering the questions of these course assignments you should make sure that you do not pick and choose the answers.In addition to this, the instructor will want to ensure that you are giving the right answer to each question. This means that you should actually write a paper from the question. Some instructors may suggest that the students find the answer online and then work on it by writing it in paper form.It may sound weird but for the test writers who are graded this way there are certain writing styles that they use to grade the writer. Since you are to write the essay online, you should make sure that you go through the method of editing by making sure that you do not miss anything and are going through the process all the way to the bottom.You will find that a high percentage of th ese writing assignment will require that you give an answer with a particular theme. This will make sure that the essay will tie into the current information that is being taught by the instructor and will mean that you will have a topic to go to next in your paper.Because of the way that online answers are prepared there are some answers that will be set up so that students can answer them as many times as they like. Since this is the case it would be best to choose a specific topic and then go through the process until you are able to answer each question properly.

How Societ Influences Gender Identity Essay Example

How Societ Influences Gender Identity Essay The impact of social and cultural norms on the way an adolescent shapes and perceives identity has come under greater scrutiny in recent years. Although societies differ in the specific nature of the attributes associated with maleness and femaleness, each society attempts to communicate the gender norms to children and adolescents through various mechanisms. Acculturated gender roles have a significant influence on the way parents rear children, which impacts the way the children view themselves. A conflict between the external societal role assigned to an adolescent based on biological gender and the internal gender identity formed by the adolescent can have negative consequences for psychological health. Gender identity involves the fundamental sense of belonging to a gender as defined by societal norms, which may be different from the biological sex of the individual (Vasey Bartlett, 2007). While most adolescents have a gender identity based on their biological sex, many have a strong psychological identification with the opposite biological sex and may desire to become a member of the opposite sex. If the identification with the opposite sex and the desire to become a member of the opposite sex causes significant psychological distress, it is considered a gender identity disorder (GID) based on the criteria in the DSM-IV. In this construct, the identification with the opposite sex is not in itself a disorder, and must be the source of significant distress sufficient to interfere with life activities. Various factors can influence the development of gender identity among children and adolescents, including parental behaviors and norms, peer norms, and the depiction of the gender roles traditional in the society in various types of media. We will write a custom essay sample on How Societ Influences Gender Identity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Societ Influences Gender Identity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Societ Influences Gender Identity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The cognitive perspective of the development of gender identity suggests that information received from external sources contributes to the formation of gender identity. The amount and quality of the information influences the gender schema of the individual, which is the internal cognitive network that organizes and guides individual perceptions about the attributes associated with masculinity and femininity. The schema is influenced by socialization processes and the feedback received from role models in the dolescents environment. In this context, the cognitive processing of information leads adolescents to choose as an organizing principle for their behavior and to interpret the behavior of others. Based on the cognitive perspective of development of gender identity among adolescents, the following research will test three hypotheses. The first hypothesis stated in its alternate form is: Some variations about the conception of sexuality and gender identity are culturally specific . This hypothesis is based on the assumption that some standards of the concept of masculinity and femininity may correlate in all societies, but each society makes adaptations to the standards that are culturally specific. The second hypothesis of the study stated in its alternative form is: Parents influence the development of gender identity through the way they allow children to participate in gender-specific play and the toys they permit the children to use in play. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that parents transmit information to children about socially accepted gender roles, with the adolescent influenced by the information acquired during earlier stages of development. The third hypothesis of the study is: Media has the greatest influence in the transmission of information about social norms related to gender to the individual. The hypothesis is based on the assumption that adolescents are significant consumers of media in various forms. Evidence from research indicates that adolescents draw from popular culture to construct their identities, which includes gender identity (Wright, 2007). As a result, the information embedded in media about gender norms and stereotypes can have a significant influence on the development of gender identity during adolescence by communicating societal values and norms with respect to behavior expected from males and females. Case Study (Person Whom I Know) Samantha, who uses the nickname Sam, is a female aged 14 who is considered a tomboy by her parents and peers. She tends to dress in male clothing and engage in activities that are stereotypically male such as contact sports and playing action video games. She also watches television for two to three hours a day and frequently attends movies, usually alone. While she wears a stereotypically female hair style, it is cut relatively short. She is academically bright and intends to enter college after she completes high school. She is sexually attracted to boys her age, but conceals her feelings because she is concerned about rejection. She is socially ostracized by the females in her peer group and is often the object of negative comments about her behavior and sexuality. As a result, she has engaged in physical fights with some of her female peers. At the same time, she is not fully accepted by males in her age group as a peer because of their awareness that she is a female. Her parents encourage her to dress in more traditionally female clothing, which she resists. They also attempted to ensure that she had only the toys they deemed appropriate for a girl when she was a child. Although they continuously encourage her to be more feminine, they assume that she will eventually outgrow the behaviors they consider inappropriate for an adolescent girl. As a result, Sam does not discuss her problems with her parents because she believes it will inevitably lead to criticism of her behaviors. Literature Review Behm-Morawitz and Mastro (2008) investigated the influence of teen movies on the development of gender-based beliefs about friendships, social aggression and the roles of women in society. The research was based on Banduras social cognitive theory, which postulates that the media is a significant source for the acquisition of gender-linked knowledge. The social cognitive theory functionally uses a constructivism paradigm by suggesting that individuals cognitively create a self-identity construct based on information obtained from other social actors. In effect, a medium such as film contains information about societal expectations concerning roles and conduct for the genders and standards that individuals use for self-evaluation and the evaluation of others. The study focused on the depiction of the mean girl in teenage film, which involves a teenage female social circle dominated by a girl who is tyrannical and bullying. The social circle emphasizes a caste system, with outsiders the target of the bullying. The research examined the content of 20 teenage films using university students as coders. The findings of Behm-Morawitz and Mastro (2008) determined that female characters in the films were more likely to engage in socially aggressive behavior than male characters. In addition, females were more likely than males to be rewarded for engaging in socially aggressive behaviors. When the films depicted socially cooperative behaviors, however, no differences between the genders existed, with both genders equally rewarded for engaging in these types of behaviors. The findings supported the conclusion that exposure to these messages embedded in the film media could encourage the development of negative beliefs about the value of female friendships and poor attitudes towards women in general. The films also convey the message to adolescents that aggressive behavior is an acceptable method for achieving higher social status and other rewards. Because the article uses the social cognitive theory, it assumes that gender identity is a social construct with adolescents adopting the behaviors they perceive to be the norm based on their gender identity. It does not, however, discuss the implications for the media message for adolescents who do not accept the gender norms. The Behm-Morawitz and Mastro (2008) article has the highest priority in terms of relevance for Sam. Because Sam frequently watches movies and television, she is likely to have encountered the media construct of the mean girl. Sam may find the construct unpleasant because it depicts adolescent females as tyrannical and bullying. To some degree, this may account for her reluctance to engage in the stereotypical behaviors expected of a adolescent girl. To fully adopt the gender identity of a female would require that she participate in the social activities that involve dominance by a mean girl and bullying of other girls not within the social circle. As a result, she pursues male friendships, although these friendships may not meet her full range of needs for peer interactions. She may expect a reward from socially cooperative behavior with males in the form of peer friendships. Another aspect of Sams behavior that may be influenced by the media is physical fighting with other girls when they behave in a derogatory or demeaning manner towards her. Although she does not fully formed a stereotypical female gender identity, she is aware that she is biologically female. In the teen movies, females are rewarded for socially aggressive behavior, which sometimes includes fighting with other females. As a result, she may believe that it the use of aggression toward other females will bring a reward while the use of cooperation with males will bring a reward. Wright (2007) investigated whether adolescents with gender identity uncertainty are attracted to media depictions of individuals who do not conform to traditional gender stereotypes. This research was based on both the essentialism and constructivism paradigms. The research assumed that male-to-female transgendered individuals were biologically influenced to adopt a female gender identity. At the same time, these individuals had to develop a social construct derived from the norms and values of a subculture in which transgendered individuals were accepted. The research relied on interviews with adult transgendered individuals that had been adolescents in the 1960s. The focus of the research was the influence of a female television character in the television show The Avengers on male adolescents of the period that subsequently became trans-women. The female character in this show exhibited qualities that were considered masculine at the time by using physical strength and intelligence as well as rescuing her male partner from danger. The author noted that the role was originally intended for a man, with a woman subsequently cast in the show. Wrights (2007) findings indicated that the subjects used the female character as a role model to construct a gender identity that blended some aspects of male and female stereotypes during adolescence. The subjects of the study were biologically male and had some of the physical strength and intelligence associated with the male stereotypes of the period. The character in the television show demonstrated these male attributes, but also exhibited the stereotypically feminine attributes of attractiveness and sexuality. The findings also indicated that the video tapes of the old television show are used among modern adolescents who are male-to-female transgendered to provide a female role model that has some male attributes. This finding suggests that the attributes of the media character remain relevant for adolescents experiencing difficulty developing a gender identity. The findings also noted that the individual subjects were rejected by their parents for failing to conform to gender norms in the society, which led them to rely on media representations to develop an understanding of their position in society. The research findings imply that adolescents with gender identity conflicts search popular media to find role models that allow them to construct a gender identity that feels appropriate. It also implies that the media sometimes provides social constructs concerning gender roles and attributes that differ substantially from the stereotypical norms. The research conducted by Wright (2007) has the second highest priority of relevance for Sam because it indicates that the media contextualizes the experiences of adolescents. Sam watches an extensive amount of television and attends movies, and presumably has favorite characters or stories that she perceives as relevant for her situation. Many of the modern female media characters outside of teen movies may display non-stereotypical attributes that Sam may find relevant. By seeking out media characters or stories with female characters with blended male and female attributes, she may be validating her gender identity that is neither stereotypically male or female. From this perspective, the media has an influence on her gender identity by confirming that she need not adopt the stereotypical role and attributes of a female to obtain rewards or to be successful. Miller and Sommers (2007) investigated depiction of males and females in video games targeted to the adolescent market. The research was based on the environmentalism paradigm in which the media functions as a social influence by depicting the norms and standards expected by society. The theoretical premise was that the media representation informed adolescents about the attributes that are socially desirable for each gender, with adolescents failing to conform to the representation feeling inadequate. The research method used content analysis of video game magazines to determine the way in which the games portray male and female characters. Video games may have a more significant influence on adolescents than other types of media because of the high degree of engagement when playing the game and the repetitive nature of the activity. In effect, the adolescent player is more susceptible to influences form the embedded messages in the game content such as the appropriate behaviors of males and females. Miller and Sommers (2007) found that male figures are heroic and physically powerful in video games while females are secondary characters that are sexualized through their appearance and attire. In some games with more mature themes, the females are sex objects whose sole function is to provide an objective for the male hero to achieve. Male characters also have a wider range of skills and abilities than female characters in the games, including games in which female characters can behave as leaders or heroes. Although both adolescent males and adolescent females play video games, the industry primarily targets the male market, which may account for the general weakness of the female characters in the games. In the games analyzed in the study, male characters were five times more likely to be included in a game than female characters. The video games appear to endorse the gender stereotypes by creating an unrealistic image of masculinity and femininity, which can influence gender identity if individual adolescents do not believe they conform to the image. The research conducted by Miller and Sommers (2007) has the third priority in relevance to Sams situation. Sam plays video games, primarily with her male companions. At the same time, her parents are not fully aware of her preferences in video games and assume that she only plays games they would consider appropriate for young girls. As a result, she is likely to play games intended for male adolescents in which the male characters are heroic and skillful while the female characters are passive and sexualized. During the process of play, she receives the embedded information about the stereotypical behavior of males and females, and considers the male role as more attractive than the female role. The play of the video game may influence her to adopt a male role in the game, which reinforces her gender identity ambivalence. Vasey and Bartlett (2007) conducted research among Samoans to determine whether the criteria for GID was valid in non-Western societies. Samoan culture has a high degree of social tolerance for feminine males known as faafafine. The purpose of the research was to determine whether the identification with the opposite biological sex and engaging in behaviors associated with the opposite sex inherently cause psychological distress. The research was based on an environmentalism perspective in which social influences contribute to the formation of gender identity by either encouraging or discouraging the behaviors that the society deems appropriate or inappropriate for the gender of the individual. The methodology used by Vasey and Bartlett (2007)involved interviewing adult faafafine to determine if they experienced cross-gender identification in childhood and adolescence, and if they experienced distress because of their gender identification. The findings indicated that the subjects did not experience distress concerning their gender identity because their more feminine attributes were considered acceptable in Samoan society. The findings also determined that parents did not discourage the subjects from adopting the gender identity of the faafafine, and therefore were not a source of psychological distress because of the failure of the individual to meet parental expectations of appropriate behavior based on biological sex. The findings also suggested that the Samoan culture considered females more nurturing and males more protective, which may be cross-cultural gender attributes. The conclusions reached by the authors was that the GID diagnosis should be removed from the DSM-IV because the psychological distress related to gender identity is created by the societal norms and expectations in Western culture and is not inherent to gender identity. While the article examined social influences leading to psychological distress, it did not explore the reasons why the faafafine males identified with the female gender. The Vasey and Bartlett (2007) article has the third highest priority for Sams situation. The findings and conclusion of the article suggest that the individual selects a gender identity with the degree of distress resulting from the selection dependent on the gender norms and stereotypes of the society. Sam is experiencing some psychological distress because of her gender identity that has attributes associated with both males and females in Western society. She has difficulty forming friendships with males and females in her peer group. Although the distress does not appear to be affecting her academic achievement, it appears to be interfering with her social development. Her parents express disapproval of her behavior and attire based on their concepts of behavior and attire appropriate for the female gender. The parents, however, have not been effective in influencing Sam to adopt the stereotypical behavior associated with a young female. This suggests that factors other parental role modeling and influences affect the development of gender identity among adolescents. Conclusion The research provides support for accepting the first hypothesis of the study in its alternative form: Some variations about the conception of sexuality and gender identity are culturally specific. Vesey and Bartlett (2007) determined that the concept of the feminine male is more socially acceptable in Samoan culture than in Western cultures. In addition, psychological distress created by gender identity that differs from norms is not considered a disorder in Samoan culture. This suggests that aspects of the concepts about sexuality and gender are culturally specific constructs that can vary significant in different societies. The research provides some support for accepting the second hypothesis of the study in its alternative form: Parents influence the development of gender identity through the way they allow children to participate in gender-specific play and the toys they permit the children to use in play. The research conducted by Behm-Morawitz and Mastro (2008) as well as Miller and Sommers (2007) suggests that parents cannot fully control the media selection choices of their children. The inability to control play is particularly apparent in adolescence when the child has greater autonomy in the selection of media and video games, which are analogous to toys. The findings provide support for accepting the third hypothesis of the study in its alternative form: Media has the greatest influence in the transmission of information about social norms related to gender to the individual. The findings of Behm-Morawitz and Mastro (2008), Miller and Sommers (2007), and Wright (2007) indicate that media has a significant influence on the formation of gender identity among adolescents. Media conveys information about gender stereotypes and the norm expectation of society, which adolescents compare to their actual experience. Media also has a significant influence on adolescents because they are significant consumers of media products and have not yet developed the ability to discriminate among different types of media messages. As a result, media plays a substantial role in the development of gender identity in adolescence. Bibliography Behm-Morawitz, E. Mastro, D. E. (2008). Mean girls? The influence of gender portrayals in teen movies on emerging adults gender-based attitudes and beliefs. Journalism and Mass Communications Quarterly, 85(1), 131-146. The research discussed in this article used a social cognitive theory framework to examine the effect of gender portrayals in teen movies on beliefs among adolescents about friendships, aggression, and the role of women in society. The findings of the study indicated that the content of the films has a significant influence on the beliefs of adolescents about the societal norms associated with gender. The findings also indicated that the films depicted women as achieving success in the female social world only through the use of duplicitous methods. If female adolescents form their social constructs about feminine behavior from teen movies, they are more likely to engage in aggressive social behavior. Miller, M. Sommers, A. (2007). Gender differences in video game characters roles, appearances and attire as portrayed in video game magazines. Sex Roles, 57, 733-742. This article describes research by the authors investigating the portrayal of male and female roles in video game magazines, which are a significant social influence on adolescents. The research adopted an environmentalism perspective by assuming that media is a significant influence on adolescents in developmental processes by communicating the societal expectations of gender roles. In the video game context, males were heroes, physically powerful and capable of using weapons. In contrast, females were secondary characters that were sexual yet innocent, and were portrayed as wearing more revealing clothing. Wright, R. (2007). Learning empowerment, resistance and female identity development from popular television: Trans-women tell stories of trans-formation. In Servage, L. Fenwick, T. (Eds. ) Learning in community: Proceedings of the joint international conference of the Adult Education Research Conference. Halifax: Mount Saint Vincent University. This article adopts a constructivist perspective for research examining the use of a female character in a television show as a role model by male-to-female transgendered individuals. The television show aired when the individuals were adolescents, with the female character blending stereotypical male and female attributes. Although the television show was aired forty years ago, it continues to be viewed by male adolescents with gender identity issues. Vasey, P. L. Bartlett, N. H. (2007). What can the Samoan Faafafine teach us about the Western concept of gender identity disorder in childhood? Perspectives in biology and Medicine, 50(4), 481-490. This article adopted a constructivism perspective for an investigation of whether the DSM-IV gender identity disorder in childhood constitutes a mental disorder when the criteria are applied to individuals in non-Western cultures. The research investigated the high degree of social tolerance towards feminine males in Samoan culture known as faafafine. The findings of the research indicated that gender-atypical identity and behavior do not inherently lead to distress when controlling for societal intolerance toward these individuals. The findings also indicated that parental discouragement of gender atypical behaviors increases the distress of the individual because of the conflict it creates between the individuals inclinations and the expectations of parents.

5 Number Problems

5 Number Problems 5 Number Problems 5 Number Problems By Mark Nichol 1. Number Collisions In the sentence â€Å"The day the slain woman was to turn 28, 3,000 gathered at a church to recall her life,† the proximity of her age (assuming it is styled numerically rather than spelled out) and the number of mourners confuses the eye. Readers may assume, before they comprehend the sense of the sentence, that the comma after her age and the following letter space are erroneous and that the digits belong in one figure. If the numerical style for the age is correct, revise the sentence to read, â€Å"The day the slain woman was to turn 28, several thousand people gathered at a church to recall her life.† (This distraction can also occur when a year, a room or building number, or any other numerical designation precedes a figure.) 2. Number Ranges Do not use the word from preceding a number range in which a dash (or, in this case, as employed often in newspapers and online, a hyphen) appears: â€Å"The Korean War lasted from 1950-1953† should read â€Å"The Korean War lasted from 1950 to 1953† or â€Å"The Korean War lasted 1950-1953.† â€Å"The class will be held from 7-10 p.m.† is correctly expressed â€Å"The class will be held from 7 p.m. to 10 p.m.† (the first p.m. may be elided) or â€Å"The class will be held 7-10 p.m.† 3. Number Names When you employ specialized terms that include combinations of numbers or numbers and letters, be sure you’re typing them correctly. The term in â€Å"It’s safe to open your 401K statement again† is correctly rendered 401(k). The designation for a certain nonprofit corporation sometimes incorrectly styled 501c3 or 501(c)3 should appear as 501(c)(3). 4. Numbers with Hyphenation I’ve written about hyperhyphenation and hypohyphenation before (search this site for â€Å"hyphens† for more posts on the topic), but these twin troubles persist, so I will, too: Pay attention when using hyphens in phrases involving numbers. No hyphens are necessary in â€Å"The electrified fence is 10-feet-high,† because â€Å"10 feet high† is a simple description, not an adjectival phrase describing a noun that follows immediately (â€Å"10-foot-high electrified fence† is correct). One of those extra hyphens can be donated to the phrase â€Å"21-year old world record,† which refers not to an old world record consisting of 21 years (is that â€Å"old world,† as in â€Å"old-world charm†?), but to a world record that is 21 years old. 5. Numbers and Currency Take care when making references to money: Redundant references such as â€Å"The fine was set at $5 million dollars† or â€Å"I found $100 bucks in an old shoe box† are common. Be consistent in one article or book about whether you use currency symbols or spell the terms out; the determination should be based on the level of formality (currency terms are usually spelled out in more formal writing) weighed against the frequency of occurrence (numerous and/or technical references to money are best presented with symbols). Keep in mind, too, that use of the dollar sign is ubiquitous, but the cent sign is rare, so if reference is made separately to dollars and cents, it’s best to spell out both terms: â€Å"In 1960, the candy bar cost 5 cents; by the beginning of the twenty-first century, it sold for a dollar.† Also, avoid using numerals for orders of magnitude. The figure in â€Å"The binary star is more than 57,000,000,000,000 miles from Earth† is difficult to read, as is the total in â€Å"The budget was 5,666,943,643 dollars.† In the first example, use the term of magnitude: â€Å"The binary star is more than 57 trillion miles from Earth.† Use the same approach for the monetary figure, which is unnecessarily precise; multidigit references to currency are often rounded off at two decimals past the degree of magnitude. â€Å"The budget was 5.66 billion dollars.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†50 Idioms About Fruits and Vegetables20 Ways to Cry

MDCM CASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

MDCM CASE - Essay Example The services that are provided by the company must also be of standard quality. The company has been suffering loss in the market in spite of all its steps and strategy designed for the customers and company’s benefit. The company shares its benefits and losses with the customers in order to form close relations with the customers. With the passage of time, the company has identified the importance of its global status. It has expanded by opening many offices, branches and acquisitions in different parts of the world. However, the company identifies its lacking procedures and slowed information collection and update due to which, it goes through transformations under the heading of Horizon 2000. The company requires a well established IT strategy in order to meet the competition in the market. This paper analyzes the issue in detail. Strategic Goals of MDCM MDCM does the business of medical devices contract manufacturing and is well reputed because of its expansion with the pa ssage of time. The company has well defined strategic goals and due to some problem with meeting the goals, the company has faced continuous losses. The strategic goals of the company are as follows (Jeffery & Norton 1-7): To facilitate the customers with their required devices within due time. To develop an online ordering and account management system that the customers will be able to use themselves. To provide an end-to-end package of medical device contract manufacturing services. To design and fabricate specialized equipment used in the assembly of manufacturing services. To form close partnership arrangements with its customers. To share rewards and risks of the business with its customers. To work with customers as close as it is possible. To reduce manufacturing costs to their lowest level. To maximize customer satisfaction by delivering quality parts and assemblies on time. To expand its business by opening new offices and manufacturing facilities close to its largest cust omers. To maintain that the acquisitions that the company makes, allow the company to spread its operational excellence while keeping the foreign companies autonomous enough to be able to better serve their local customers. Competitive Environment The firm MDCM faces a strict competition in the market because of more firms in the same business. With increasing concept of globalization, more people are active in market and provide globalized facilities to their customers due to which, all the firms face challenges to work towards success and expansion of their business on global basis. MDCM has designed a strategy to form good and close relation with its customers by involving them in their business as the company used to share its rewards and risks with its customers. However, with new businesses introduced in the market, this practice was copied and conducted by other businesses as well due to which, a competitive environment was created in the market (Jeffery & Norton 3). As a com petitive strategy, the company MDCM opened many offices at locations, which were near to their largest customers. Along with offices, the company also made a number of acquisitions. According to Jeffery & Norton (2006), â€Å"the acquisition targets were all non-US-based companies that had competencies in contract manufact

The Role America's Federal Reserve Played in Contributing to the Essay

The Role America's Federal Reserve Played in Contributing to the Actions Leading to the 2008 Financial Crises - Essay Example While the Federal Reserve is a cornerstone institution of the United States, critics have argued that in the long-term the Fed is actually bad for the economy. This research evaluates the extent that the Federal Reserve contributed to the actions leading to the 2008 financial crises. Analysis One of the most prominent critics of the Federal Reserve has been former Republican Presidential candidate Ron Paul. Paul’s perspective follows a line of logic that is directly related to the way the Fed functions. Paul indicates that when the American economy is lagging the Federal Reserve infuses new currency into the system. This new currency results in lowered interest rates. The lowered interest rates correspondingly result in capitalist expansion, as business and individuals increasingly engage in borrowing practices. The problem, as Paul indicates, is that such practices are artificial and don’t reflect the economies’ true and proper functioning. Paul has seminally no ted, â€Å"When central banks like the Fed manage money they are engaging in price fixing, which leads not to prosperity but to disaster† (Paul 2011). ... Kibbe (2011) argues that many Austrian economists predicted the 2008 financial crisis. Kibbe contrasts the Keynesian school of economics, which attempts to implement mathematical models in predicting future economic movements, with the Austrian school that argues later economic shifts can only be understood by examining human behavior. Similar to Ron Paul, Kibbe makes a number of sensational statements regarding the impact the Federal Reserve had on the financial crisis. In both perspectives their criticism is less about specific policy measures the Fed took, but rather with the entire existence of the Fed; as such, they believe that any actions this institution makes is ultimately bad for the economy. Just like Paul, Kibbe (2011) notes, â€Å"we would not experience such dramatic economic swings were it not for monetary policies that distort real prices and encourage improper investment decisions. Boom and bust cycles are inevitable when government interventions confuse market part icipants.† When one couples Kibbe’s perspective regarding boom and busts with statements made by the United States government leading up to the financial meltdown startling consideration emerges. For instance, he notes that Treasury Secretary Paulson said in 2007 that the global economy was at the strongest he had seen it in his career. Additionally, he states â€Å"Between 2001 and 2004, the Federal Reserve injected new credit into the economy, pushing interest rates to their lowest level since the late 1970s. As a result, the economy was booming just a few short years ago† (Kibbe 2011). Still, one recognizes that Kibbe provides little empirical evidence for the predictions of the Austrian economists against the failure of the Keynesian predictive models.

Solubility and K Dependence on Temperature

Solubility and K Dependence on Temperature An exothermic reaction is one which has a negative ΔH value while an endothermic reaction is one which has a positive ΔH value. Based on the results, the dissolution of potassium hydrogen tartrate has a ΔHÂ ° value of 3.89 *104. Therefore as 3.89 *104 > 0, the dissolution of potassium hydrogen tartrate is endothermic, i.e. heat must be added to dissolve the salt in water. This is further supported by the negatively sloped graph above. It can be inferred from the graph that the higher the temperature, the greater the solubility of potassium hydrogen tartrate. The spontaneity of a reaction depends on the change in enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS), as well as on the absolute temperature. The change in the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) can be used to determine if a reaction is spontaneous or not. Represented by the equation ΔGÂ ° = ΔHÂ ° TΔSÂ °, when ΔG is negative, a process proceeds spontaneously in the forward direction. When ΔG is positive, the process proceeds spontaneously in reverse. When ΔG is zero, the process is in equilibrium, with no net change taking place over time. Therefore as the ΔGÂ ° calculated at both 10.0Â °C and 50.0Â °C are positive, it can be deduced that the dissolution of potassium hydrogen tartrate is non-spontaneous in the forward direction at the temperatures tested (10.0Â °C to 50.0Â °C). The process however proceeds spontaneously in reverse at the mentioned temperatures. In fact, based on the results, the dissolution will only be spontaneous at 513.6K (ΔHÂ ° / ΔSÂ °) and above. Although both entropy and enthalpy are functions of temperature, this experiment assumes that ΔHÂ ° and ΔSÂ ° do not change significantly over the range of temperatures used. This assumption is valid over relatively small ranges. In this experiment, the various measurements occur within a small range of 40K. Therefore it is safe to assume that the values of ΔHÂ ° and ΔSÂ ° are relatively invariant over the small changes in temperature. Many reasons could cause the experimental value to disagree with the literature value. Probably the most significant source of error would be the inability to maintain the respective temperatures during the slow step of filtering the salt solution after heating/cooling. Gravity filtration was adopted in this experiment, and although the filter papers were fluted to encourage rapid filtration, the process still spanned several minutes. During this time, the temperature of the salt solution could have easily deviated from the desired temperatures towards room temperature. This could cause undesirable recrystallization/dissolution of the salt, thereby, affecting the molarity of the filtrate. This limitation could be overcome by using vacuum filtration to minimize such errors. Besides the possible undesirable recrystallization/dissolution before filtering was over, recrystallization could also occur in the filtrate before the 25mL aliquots were obtained. This would only apply to the samples that were experimented at temperatures above room temperature. As the filtrate cools, the salt would recrystalise, causing a change in homogeneity and molarity of the filtrate. Although the protocol was to immediately aliquot 25mL after filtration, the time for the filtrate to reach at least 25mL was sufficient enough for significant cooling of the solution, with the large surface area of the solution filtering dropwise and the contact with the cool conical flask. A possible solution to this problem is to heat the filtrate again after filtration before aliquoting to ensure all the salts that may have recrystalised dissolve. However, the heating should be gentle to prevent significant lost of solvent and prevent change in molarity. Another source of error would be the assumption that the molarity of the given NaOH solution is accurate. Alkaline solutions such as NaOH absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere according to the reaction: CO2 + 2OH- ↔ + CO32- + H2O. Since hydroxide ion is consumed by this reaction, the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution will be changed. Therefore the precise concentration of the NaOH solution may not be the value that what was stated on the bottle, especially if the solution was prepared long before the experiment was conducted. Standardization of the NaOH solution should be done just before the experiment is conducted. Although in this experiment, the molarity of the provided NaOH solution was assumed to be accurate and no further standardization was done, precautions were taken to protect the solution from the carbon dioxide that is always present in the atmosphere. As during titration, the NaOH solution in the buret will be exposed to air, the buret used was prepared for use only when it was needed, and fresh sodium hydroxide should be added if it. The initial steps of the procedure was to obtain approximately 200ml of NaOH solution from the stock bottle. To obtain higher accuracy though, the NaOH taken from the stock bottle should not be more than what is needed for one titration. More NaOH solution should be taken from the stock bottle when needed. Other precautions were also taken during the experiment to reduce contamination. Apparatus were scrupulously cleaned and rinsed with solutions that they were to contain before use. The experiment was also cautiously done to prevent loss of material through spillage, splashing or splattering. Conclusion This experiment successfully demonstrated the relationships between state functions, including entropy and enthalpy, free energy, spontaneity, and equilibrium constants. Since ΔHÂ ° and ΔSÂ ° were both positive, the dissolution of potassium hydrogen tartrate was spontaneous at high temperatures. This means that the potassium hydrogen tartrate needed energy from the surroundings to dissolve. The reverse process however, is spontaneous. A significant percentage error was obtained by comparing of the obtained solubility product constant with the literature value. Although precautions were taken to ensure accuracy, such an error proves that solubility product constants are extremely difficult to obtain experimentally because of limitations of the experiment and the necessity to identify all chemical species and processes present in the chemical system used to obtain the values.

Exploring Teaching Methods that Help Engage Students Essay -- Educatio

Considering a stereotypical class room, the bell rings, students are almost in their seats, and the teacher is demanding their attention. It is hard for the teacher to gain the attention let alone the willingness to learn from their students. No matter what subject is being taught, this has the recipe for boredom from the get go. Any curiosity or imagination for the students has been choked. In order for the teacher to gain the eagerness to learn from his students, he would have to resort to all the mental keenness he could muster. No matter how gifted the teacher, students tend to lose interest in learning in an everyday run of the mill style of class room environment. What creative power or what unusual and highly innovated resource can be implemented into a classroom that has been limited by tradition, a lack of creativity, and monotony? The answer is not a teacher who has an ingenious nature or who is a skilled innovator. The answer relies on the teacher’s methods. There are many different methods that have proved to be effective. Activities such as group lead discussion, group discovery, and teacher lead critical thinking discussions have proved effective in integrating different learning styles (Chick). Another method that will stimulate the imagination, and arouse the analytical side of learners is implementation of audio visuals and visual aids for the introduction, during the lectures, prompts for discussions, and even for the closure of class (Atkinson 2). This is a tool – a resource that needs to be tapped. Lastly, setting up the classroom into groups of desks and even changing the classroom on a day to day basis that will emulate what kind of methods are being used for that day by the teacher keeps lear... ...ary Module. ProQuest. Grafton Library, Fredericksburg, Va. 17 Nov. 2008 Olson, Allan. . "Technology that MOVES Assessment and Student Achievement FORWARD. " MultiMedia & Internet@Schools 1 Nov. 2004: 26-28. Education Module. ProQuest. Grafton Library, Fredericksburg, VA. 13 Feb. 2009 Strassman, Barbara K., and Trisha O'Connell. "Authoring with video." The Reading Teacher 61.4 (Dec 2007): 330(4). General OneFile. Gale. LIRN. 3 Oct. 2008 . Teachable Moments. Morningside Center for Teaching Social Resposibilities. 13 Feb 2009 . Wong, Harry, and Rosemary Wong. How To Be An Effective Teacher: The First days of School Mountain View, CA: Harry K. Wong Publications, Inc, 2004.